TARR & MEMURRY'S 

GEOGRAPHIES 



SUPPLEMENTARY 
VOLUME 




HEW YORK 




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Class ..^^^"^.^^ 
Book_.Vv/_S7_ 

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COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. 



NEW YORK 



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Tarr and mcmurry geographies 

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 

NEW YORK 



R. H. WHITBECK, A.B. (Cornell) 

ASSISTANT IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY 



Wcto fork 
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 
1901 

All rights reserved 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, ■ 

Two Copies Receiveo 

AUG. 26 1901 

Copyright entry 
CLASSr^l/ XXc N» 
COPY a 



Copyright, 1901, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 






Nortooofi 59rc38 

Cushiiij; ."t Co. - Berwick Si 
Norwood Maes. U.S.A. 



PREFACE 

In writing this Supplement the underlying principle 
has been to apply to the state treatment the principles 
which have guided in the preparation of the Series; 
namely, a causal treatment based upon physiogra[)hy. 
For example, instead of merely stating that there is a 
fall at Niagara, it has been shown why there is a fall at 
that place and how it has influenced the development of 
the region ; and instead of stating the mere fact that the 
Erie Canal extends down the Mohawk valley, it has been 
shown on the one hand why this was possible, and, on the 
other hand, how wonderfully the history and industrial 
development of the state have depended upon the physio- 
graphic conditions which rendered the Erie Canal possible. 
A further guiding principle has been an endeavor to leave 
a series of strong and lasting impressions rather tlian a 
still greater number of disconnected facts. With this 
idea in mind mere lists of places and industries have been 
replaced by connected statements in which the location 
and industries of places naturally receive mention. The 
effort has been to provide a Geography of New York 
which shall have a value of its own, and not merely for 
the purpose of meeting a demand of committees to aid in 
the sale of the Series. 

Both authors of the Series have carefully examined and 
criticised the Supplement, and especial acknowledgment 

Y 



VI P EFFACE 

is due to Professor Tarr for his aid in the preparation of 
the physiographic introduction. Heart}^ acknowledgment 
is also due Professor C. N. Millard, Supervisor of Gram- 
mar Grades of Buffalo, Principal G. H. Walden of Gram- 
mar School No. 10, Rochester, and Professor C. Stuart 
Gager, New York State Normal College at Albany, for 
valuable criticism and suggestion. 

Acknowledgment is also due for tlie following photo- 
grai)hs : Figs. 14, 45, 4(3, 59, 60, and 62, presented by the 
Fort Stanwix Canning Company, Rome ; Fig. 26, pre- 
sented by President Low of Columbia University; Fig. 56, 
presented by J. M. Duncan of Silver Springs; Fig. 17, 
presented by Mr. Daniels of the New York Central R.R. ; 
Fig. 50, presented by the Mt. Hope Nurseries, Rochester. 

K. n. w. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Preface v, vi 

Physiogkaphy and Natural Resources 1-24 

The Adirondack Province 1-5 

Mountain Region of Eastern New York 5-7 

Long Island 7, 8 

The Catskills 8 

Plains and Plateaus of Central and Western New York . . 9-11 

Drainage of the State 12-14 

Sinking of the Land 14, 15 

Effects of the Glacier 15-21 

Climate 22, 23 

Review Questions . . 23, 24 

History 25-31 

New York City 31-44 

Advantages of Location and Causes of Growth . . . 31-33 

Divisions, Area, and Population 33, 34 

• Manufactures and Commerce 34, 35 

Notable Sections 35-41 

Borough of Brooklyn 41 

Other Interesting Facts 41-43 

Summary . . . 43, 44 

Environs of New York 44-46 

Review Questions 46 

Buffalo and Vicinity 47-53 

Buffalo 47-50 

Niagara Falls and the Tonawandas 51-53 

Summary and Review 53 

The Hudson Valley 54-67 

Its Importance 54, 55 

The Lower Hudson 55-57 



CONTENTS 



The Erie Canal 

Albany, Troy, and Neighboring Cities 
The Upper Hudson and Lakes George and 
Review and Suggestions 

Northern Nkw York 

The Mohawk Vallev 

The Lake Ontario Plain 

Physiography, Climate, and Hesonrces 

Rochester . 

Syracuse 

Other Cities 

Summary and Review 

The Finger Lake Region 

Physiography and Resources 
Cities and Towns 
Salt Industry 
Summary and Review 

The Southern Plateau 

Physiography and Resources 
Cities . 

Farm Life in Western New York 
Summary . 

General Summary- and Conc 

Government and Education 

Review Questions . 

Topical Outlines . 

Reference Books . 

Statistical Tables . 

Index 



Jhani 



pi ail 



NEW YORK 



Longitude 'O'est 77 from Greuuwic 




Longituik- West 77 from Grucuwich 



NEW YORK STATE SUPPLEMENT 
Physiogkaphy and Natuiial IIesoukces 

Introductory Questions. On a map of the United States locate 
New York State exactly. AVliat states border New York? What 
waters? Be prepared to draw from memory an outline map of the 
state, with names of states, rivers, etc., on the border. Make a dot 
to indicate the position of each of the five largest cities. Suggest 
reasons for the position of each of these cities. What advantage do 
you see in the location of New York State as compared with other 
Atlantic states ? It is called the " Empire State." Why? Suggest 
reasons why New York deserves this distinction ? How does it com- 
pare in population with other states? How does it compare in area 
and population with all of New England? (For these facts see tables 
in the Appendix at the close of either the First, Second, or Third 
book of Geography.) 

What is the latitude of northern New York ? Of southern New 
York? Between what meridians of longitude does the state lie? 
Examine the relief map (Fig. 2) to find facts about the relief. 
Describe the relief of the state. Tell about the climate from your own 
experience. What parts of the world that you have studied have 
climate, relief, and crops similar to those of New York? Name some 
parts that are altogether different in these respects. 

By far the greater part of New York is a region of low 
plateaus and rolling plains ; but the northern and eastern 
parts include mountainous sections. To understand the 
industrial development of the state we must know some- 
thing of its physiography ; and to gain this knowledge 
we shall study the state by sections, based upon physio- 
graphic differences. 

P 1 



NEW YORK 



The Adirondack Province (Fig. •^)- — Northeastern New 
York, iiortli of the Moliawk River, is a region of hard and 
\ery ancient rocks, in fact, one of the ohlest portions of 




Relief map of New York. Point to the two highland areas. Describe the 
drainage. Point out a natural lowland route from the sea to Lake Ontario. 

North Amci'ica. l>eea.nse of the lianhicss of the rock these 
mountains have so resisted the weather tliat tliey stand well 
above the surrounding (U)untry. Mt. Marcy, the highest 
nutuntain j)cak in New ^'ork, lias an elevation of r)844 feet. 



PllTSIOGnAPlIY AND NATURAL EESOUIWES 



3 



The mountain slopes are so steep and the valleys so 
strewn with boulders that there is little opportunity for 
farming. Therefore vast tracts in the Adirondacks remain 
to this day a forest wilderness (Fig. 3). As a source of 
lumber this forest is of great value, and there is a belt 
of towns and cities completely surrounding the Adi- 
rondacks in wliieh the i)rincipal industries depend upon 
the products of 
these woods. 
The logs ant I 
lumber arc 
brought out in 
some places by 
sled, in others 
by rail, but prin- 
cipally by tlie 
river fl o o d s . 
Since the moun- 
tains form a cen- 
tral divide from 
which streams 
flow north, east, 
south, and west, the logs may be sent in all these direc- 
tions by water. Many of the streams also furnish power 
for manufacturing. 

The streams receive much water from the heavy snows of 
the mountains ; and the many lakes serve as great storage 
reservoirs from which the water is delivered to the streams 
even in times of drought. The lakes are also important in 
other ways, as, for example, in attracting tourists by their 
beauty, and in the opportunity which they give for boating 
and fishing. There are hundreds of lakes among the Adiron- 
dacks, and from some of the mountains one can count forty or 




The forest covered slopes of the Adirondacks (copy- 
righted by S. R. Stoddard). 



NEW YORK 



fifty in plain view. Some of the most beautiful of these lakes 
are the Ausable Lakes, Lake Placid, Schroon Lake, and the 
Saranac Lakes. 

The forests as well as the lakes are important in regulating 
the flow of the streams, hi the shade of the woods snow 
is protected from melting, and the water is checked from run- 
ning rapidly away by the tangle of roots, the moss and leaves. 
When the forest is cut away, however, the rain waters and 
the waters of the melting snow run quickly off, then the streams 
are flooded at one time and nearly or quite dry at another. 
Partly for this reason, partly because of the beauty and attrac- 
tiveness of the forest, and partly because the removal of the 
timber has been so rapid that its total destruction has been 
threatened, the state has set aside large tracts, forming the 
Adirondack Forest Reserve, held and protected from destruc- 
tion for the benefit of the people. 

Li addition, the state has set aside one portion of the Adi- 
rondacks as a kind of forest farm, and in connection with it 
has established a School- of Forestry at Cornell University. 

Under the direc- 



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tion of this school 
an attem])t is 


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methods. 




Fig. 4. 


1 '> y for m e r 


Upper 


Ausable Lake, uear Mt. -Marcy, Adirondacks. 


methods every- 
thing was cut 


away 


and much was wasted ; but by the 


new nu'thod only 


those 


trees that are best m- most needed 


are removed, and 


when 


one is cut down another is put in its 


[)lace. 


Th 


(' b{\uilii'nl scenery, the imi^'oratin 


o- air, and the lish- 


iii^' ;i 


1(1 hiinlin,o^ attract loui'isls in o',.,>at 


nnnibers ; and to 


accoii 


iinodale tlieni tliere arc many hotel. 


^ anu)iin' the nu)un- 


tains. 


Hut in winlei- (lie Adirondaek:- 


arc wrapped in 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 5 

snow and almost deserted excepting by lumbermen. Tbere 
is, however, one class of people who go to the mountains in 
winter, namely, those who are suffering from lung trouble. 
Of these many go to Saranac village, where the cli- 
mate is especially favorable; and near by is the site of the 
New York State Sanitarium for incipient consumptives. 





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In the lowland which surrounds the Adirondacks there 
is some mineral wealth. Numerous veins of iron have 
been found in the rock ; but the distance from coal has 
been a serious disadvantage and therefore there are not 
many mines. The most extensive and best-known iron 
deposits are near Port Henry and Crown Point, whose 
location on the shores of Lake Champlain is especially 



Nl:\v voiiK 



favorable for iron-smelting and the shipment of iron ore. 
Why ? Graphite and talc are found in this section (Fig. 9), 
also many building stones, including granite and sand- 
stone. Limestone for use in iron smelting is also quarried. 

Thns ive see that while the Adiroudack region is not as a ivhole 
adapted to agriculture, it supplies some valuable minerals, much 
lumber, and other forest products, as, for example, wood for the 
manufacture of paper. It is, moreover, a great park to tvhich 
thousands of jieople resort in search of hecdth, rest, and recre- 
ation. 

Mountain Region of Eastern New York (Fig- 5). — Ex- 
tending into New York frcmi New Jersey is a low, hilly 
region, really a very much worn mountain range. These 
low mountains, increasing in elevation toward the north, 

extend north- 
eastward across 
the Hudson, and 
thence into ]\Ias- 
sachusetts and 
Vermont. In 
the latter state 
they are known 
as the Green 
Mountains. 

Many ages ago 
this region, from 
tlie New Jersey 
boundary to Ver- 
mont and eastward far into New England, was so disturbed 
by mountain folding that many lofty ranges were produced. 
Tlirougli the ages these have gradually crumbled away, espe- 
cially where the rocks were softest. Now, altliougb their site 




PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 7 

is for the most part a series of low hills, their general history- 
is told by the fact that the rock layers are greatly bent and 
folded. The steep bank of the Hudson at the Highlands 
clearly reveals this folding. 

The very interesting Palisades, however, were not formed 
in this way ; they are old lava beds that were once melted 
rock. This lava sheet is crossed by many cracks and joints, 
so that, as it breaks away, columns are left standing, giving 
rise to the name Palisades, from the resemblance to rows of 
stakes (Fig. 6). 

Being so low, these ancient mountains have few slopes 
which are too steep or rocky for farming, and therefore 
the forest has been extensively cleared away for farms 
and pastures. How does this contrast with the Adiron- 
dacks ? Tlie mineral products include iron ore, building 
stone, flagstone, and clays (Fig. 9). The clays, which 
are of great value in the manufacture of bricks and tiles, 
were deposited in the waters which flooded the Hudson 
valley while the glacier was melting from the countr}^ 

This region of icorn down viountains is adapted to farming 
and grazing, and the large cities in its vicinity furnish a market 
and thus add to its value for this purpose. Among the mineral 
products are iron ore, building stoue, flagstone, and clays. 

Long Island. — This island, by far the largest along the 
eastern coast of the United States, differs very decidedly 
from the neighboring land. It is low, with numerous 
small hills, and is made of soft, loose sands and clays. In 
most of its features Long Island resembles the low plains 
of eastern New Jersey. In fact, it is apparently a con- 
tinuation of those plains, having been cut off from them 
by a sinking of the land. 



NEW YOIiE 



The great glacier which covered northeastern North America 
reached down as far as Long Island, where its front remained 
for a long time. As it advanced it brought clay, sand, and 
stones frozen in its bottom layers ; and, as the ice melted, these 
dropped from it and accumulated along its margin. In the 
course of time great quantities of rock fragments were thus 
dragged to the ice front and there deposited, forming ridges of 
irregular hills with many kettle-shaped depressions between. 
This series of elevations, known as a terminal moraine, extends 
from eastern Long Island to Brooklyn, thence to Staten Island 
and the mainland of New Jersey. Extensive plains of gravel 
and sand along its margin were built on the southern side of 
this moraine by streams from the melting glacier. 



are 



The soil of Long Island is so sandy that large areas 
unfitted for agriculture, and are therefore overgrown with 
scrub-oak and pine. Here, as in the Adirondacks, deer are 
still found in a wild state, carefully protected by state 
laws. Where the soil is less sandy there is careful culti- 
vation, for the nearness to New York makes truck-farming 
very profitable. The island is also a popular summer 
resort. Why might that be expected ? 

This island of clay and sand, cut off from the mainland by the 
sinking of the land, is so sandy in places that it is barren; but 
nearness to the New York market makes gardening profitable 
wherever the soil permits. Its climate and scenery attract large 
numbers of summer visitors. 

The Catskills (Fig. 5). — The Catskills, second only 
to the Adirondacks in elevation, differ from them very 
decidedly. The rocks are not folded, as in true mountains, 
but are made of almost horizontal beds of hard sandstone. 
Since tlie sandstone is harder tlian the rocks round about, 
it has resisted the weather. Therefore the Catskill plateau 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 



stands above the surrounding country and is commonly 
called the Catskill Mountains. 

Unlike the Adirondacks these highlands supply no 
mineral products of importance excepting building stone. 
Agriculture is possible in the valleys and in the lower 
country which skirts the more elevated portion. The 




Fin. 7. 
Lake Mohoiik, in Ulster County. 

broad expanse of wooded hills furnishes some lumber, and 
the many picturesque lakes and slopes attract large num- 
bers of tourists. 

Like the Adirondacks the scenery and mountain air of the 
CatskiUs attract summer visitors. There is some lumhering, 
and some farming in the valleys and on the lower slo}:)es. 

Plains and Plateaus of Central and Western New York 
(Figs. 5 and 8). — Although formed at tlie same time as 
the Catskills, and raised above the sea in the same man- 



10 



NEW YORK 



iier, this region is not nearly so mountainons as the Cats- 
kills, because the shales, limestones, and sandy layers of 
which it is composed are not so hard. Nevertheless, near 
the Pennsylvania line, where the rocks are sandy, some 
of the hilltops reach from hfteen hundred to two thou- 
sand feet above sea level ; and the stream valleys which 
decph ( nt the jjlateau make it a \ei\ 1m11\ legion 




Fig. -s. 
The pliiteiiii iiiiil iiliiiiis of Central New York. 

(Fig-. <S). Ill southwestern New York, in Steuben, Alle- 
gany, and Cattaraugus ct)unties, the hilly plateau almost 
rivals the Catskills in ruggedness and elevation. 

Toward the north the hills become lower and descend 
into a very level ])lain which reaches to the shores of 
Lakes Erie and Ontario (Fig. 8). Througlioiit most of its 
extimt this lak(^ j)lain is bounded on its southern side by 
a steeply rising slope or cacarp^nent. Tliis escarjiment is 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 11 

especially well seen in the west, in Chautauqua County, and 
in the east where the phiin merges into the ]Mohawk valley 
lowland. The lake phiin west of Rochester is divided 
into two phuns at ditlcrent levels, the lower called the 
Ontario phun, the upper, the Erie plain (Mg. 5). The 
steep slope or escarpment between these two plains ex- 
tends from near Rochester westward far into Canada. It 
is caused by the hard layer of limestone over which the 
Niagara cataract tumbles. Buffalo is on the upper or Erie 
plain, while Lockport is at the point where the Erie canal 
descends to the base of the escarpment. Near the lakes these 
plains are the seats of important fruit-raising industries. 

Because of the fertile soil, the favorable climate, and 
the moderately regular surface, together with the excel- 
lent market in the cities, agriculture is so well developed 
that the greater part of these plains and plateaus is 
cleared of forest and used for farming and pasturage. 
This is the great agricultural section of the state and one 
of the best in the country. Nevertheless, here and there 
are patches of rocky soil unsuited to farming, and hence 
still forest-covered. This is especially true in the higher 
parts of the plateau near the Pennsylvania boundary, 
where some lumbering is still carried on. 

Among the valuable mineral products (Fig. 9) are 
limestone and sandstone for Iniilding, and bluestone of 
value as flagstones for sidewalks. Oil and gas were long 
ago discovered in southwestern New York. Another 
mineral deposit of great importance in this section is salt. 

At one time, while the sea covered this part of the state, 
the climate was so dry that the salt water evaporated and beds 
of salt were left. These were later covered by limestone 
and shale and thus preserved in the earth. This layer of 



12 



NEW TORE 



salt reaches the surface along a line extending westward from 
near Syracuse ; and since the salt bed dips into the earth 
toward the south, it may be reached by borings over a large 
area of country south of the latitude of Syracuse (Fig. 9). 




MAP SHOWING THE 

CHIEF MINERAL PKODl 



Questions. — Where is the most important salt region ? In what 
other counties are salt wells located? Where are tlie oil fields? 
Where is gas found ? iron? graphite? talc? garnet? Where are the 
most valuable clay deposits? What is said about the clay area in the 
note on the map? Where are flagstones chiefly quarried? slate? 
A\'liy arc more quarries opened in southeastern New York than in 
norllicrn New York? What mineral deposits are found on I^ong 
Island? 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 13 

This plateau, while hilly in the south, becomes lower and more 
regular toward the north, ivhere it merges into a low plain. There 
are hilly tracts tinsuited to farming, and in the southwest there 
is still some lumbering ; but most of this region is excellent farm 
land, especially the lake shore plains and the Mohaiok valley. It 
is therefore mainly an agricultural section; but valuable mineral 
deposits, including oil, gas, salt, building stones, and clays, are 
found. 

Drainage of the State. — The river systems of New 
York are interesting^ in many ways. Owin^' to llie effects 




Fig. 10. 
A view among the Thousand Islands. 

of the glacier (p. 17), many of them have been caused to 
tumble in picturesque rapids and falls ; others have their 
courses interrupted by lakes. The region of most abun- 
dant lakes is the Adirondacks. Name some of the larger 
lakes among these mountains (Fig. 1). Make a drawing to 
show the location and form of the two large lakes which lie 
at the eastern base of the Adirondacks. Into what river 
do they empty ? Another region of abundant lakes is in 
southeastern New York ; but here all the lakes are small 
(Fig. 7). Make a drawing to show the location, shape, 



14 NEW YORK 

and names of the Finger Lakes of central New York. 
Locate Chautauqua Lake. ALike a drawing of Lakes 
Erie and Ontario. Notice especially the irregular eastern 
end of Ontario where the lake waters enter the St. Law- 
rence between the picturesque Thousand Islands (Fig. 10). 

The waters that fall upon the surface of New York 
find their way to the sea through many different streams. 
In the east there are two great central divides from which 
the water flows in various directions. From one of these, 
in the Adirondacks, much of the drainage finds its way 
into the St. Lawrence, though a part enters the sea 
through the Hudson. From the other, that of the Catskills, 
some also enters the Hudson and some the Delaware. 
Farther west the Susquehanna and St. Lawrence receive 
most of the water, though in the extreme west the large 
Allegheny receives water which finally enters the Gulf of 
Mexico through the Mississip[)i River. 

Make a drainage map of New York to show the larger 
lakes and the main tributaries of the five great river sys- 
tems which receive water from New York (St. Lawrence, 
Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, and Allegheny). Which 
drains the greatest territory ? Which drains the least ? 
Which system has the most lakes? What is the name 
of the largest tributary to the Hudson ? Name the four 
largest tributaries to the St. Lawrence system in New 
York. 

Sinking of the Land. — One of the most inq)ortant 
physiographic facts connected with New York is that it 
once stood higher than now. When the land sank the sea 
was admitted into the valley of the Hudson, which was 
thereby changed from a small stream, doubtless shallow 
and with rapid current, to a deep estuary into which ships 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 15 

could enter. Therefore the Hudson is not a true river, 
but an ancient river valley into which the tide rises as 
far as Troy. The harbor tlius formed at the lower end 
(Fig. 19) of the partly drowned Hudson has various 
branches at the places where the sea has entered small 
tributaries of the Hudson. The hills between these 
drowned valleys now form islands, such as Manhattan 
and Staten Islands (Fig. 18). 

This excellent harbor is a natural site for a large 
city. It is freely open to the ocean, yet protected from 
winds and waves, and also connected by water with the 
interior of the state. Moreover, the sinking of the land 
separated Long Island from the mainland, thus opening 
water communication in the protected Sound with the 
seacoast cities of southern New England. Being a 
natural gateway, and the most favorably situated port on 
the continent, New York has naturally become the great- 
est city in the New World. 

By the suiking of the Icuid the excellent harbor of New York 
has been formed and water commxniication has been opened 
both with the interior and with the coast of southern New Eng- 
land, thus snaking the natural site for a great city. 

Effect of the Glacier. — The great ice-sheet, which 
advanced from Labrador, invaded New York and covered 
the entire state with the exception of a small portion in 
the southwest. It overtopped the loftiest mountains and 
transformed the country to a vast plateau of ice. Strip- 
ping off the soil, the glacier carried the rock fragments 
forward, and as these were dragged up to the edge of the 
ice, where it was melting, they were dropped along the 
margin, forming the terminal moraine which is so well 



16 



NEW YORK 



developed on Long Island (p. 7), at Jamestown, and 
elsewhere. 

In time the climate changed and the ice slowly melted 
back. Every now and then the melting was checked for 
a while and moraines were built along the ice front. Such 
moraines are found in many parts of the state. They consist 
of a series of low gravel or clay hills, perhaps twenty-live or 
possibly even a hundred feet high, confusedly thrown together 
and Avith many depressions, called kettles, between. 




The uortliern 



ids of two dninilins near the Nev 
north of Auburn. 



York Centi-al Railway, 



As the glacier melted away the rock fragments that were 
frozen in the glacier, or were being dragged along beneath 
it, were scattered over the surface between tliese moraines. 
This glacial deposit, called boulder clar/, or till^ forms the 
soil of most of New York State. In places, especially on 
the hillt()[)s and hill slopes, it is very thin ; but in the 
valleys it is sometimes one or two hundred feet deep. 
Usually this glacial soil is a tlnn sheet covering the 
ro(;k ; but sometimes its form is peculiar. For instance : 
in the region between Syracuse and Rochester a wide 
area is ridged uj) into oval hills, known as drumlins 
(Fig. 11). 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 17 

One may often find scratches on the rocks, and on the pebbles 
in the till, which were made as the ice ground the stones together 
or dragged them over the bed rock. The scratches on the bed 
rock point toward the north, whence the ice came. Further 
proof of this source of the ice is found in the foreign pebbles 
which the till contains. These include granite, gneisses, and 
other rocks which were brought by the glacier from ledges in 
C'anada. The farmers of central New York call them "■ hard 
heads," because they are so much harder than the bed rock of 
the region. 

While the ice was melting, vast quantities of water were 
supplied, far more than the streams now carry. These floods 
washed away much of the clay and left beds of sand and gravel, 
especially in the valleys. Some of these sand and gravel beds 
were built into broad plains, others into ridges or hummocks. 
As a result of the action of ice and water there are often 
different kinds of soil in a small area, even on a single farm. 
That explains why one part of a farm may be far more })ro- 
ductive than another part, as is sometimes the case. 

In many cases tlie valleys that existed before the glacial 
period were so filled with drift by the glacier that the 
streams were turned aside and forced to cut new valleys. 
In making tliese .new valleys the streams have often 
reached the rock and cut gorges in it, through which the 
water cascades (Figs. 12 and 53), leaping from ledge to 
ledge in its rapid descent. These rapids and falls now 
furnish valuable water power, and therefore the glacier 
may be lield responsible for causing the power which has 
been of so much value to manufacturing industries in 
New York. 

Of these waterfalls the greatest is Niagara. Before the 
glacial period there were valleys in this region ; but the ice 
so filled them with drift that when the glacier melted aw^ay 
many of the streams found no old valley to occupy. This was 



18 



NEW YORK 



true of Niagara River, which, as the ice melted away, flowed 
out of Lake Erie at Buffalo over the surface of the plain, and 

thence northward 
to the edge of the 
escarpment of Ni- 
agara limestone 
(p. 11) at Lewis- 
ton. It fell over 
this escarpment 
to the base, and 
then continued to 
Lake Ontario 
across the surface 
of the lower Lake 
Ontario plain. 

Thus the first 
Niagara av a s 
seven miles north 
of the present cat- 
aract. l>ut the 
powerful action 
of the water has 
been slowly cut- 
ting the rock 
away, and the fall 
has, year by year, 
receded until it 
has reached its 
present position. 
Tlie catai'act is 
still working up- 
stream at the rate 
of four or five feet 
a year. It re- 
mains a cataract 
because of the hard surface layer of Niagara limestone ; and it 
moves upstream only as fast as the swirl of waters at the foot 




A view in Watkins (Jlon, where a .stream, turned from 
its old valley by glacial deposits, is now cutting a 
gorn;e through which it hurries in a succession of 
rapids and falls. 



Physiography and natural resources 



19 



of the falls can remove the shales from beneath the limestone 
and thus, by undermining it, cause it to fall in large blocks. 
Every year such blocks of limestone fall from the edge of the 
cataract. 

The glacial drift has also, in many cases, formed dams 
across the valleys and thus held the water back. With 
scarcely an exception the lakes of New York liave been 




Fio. 13 

The great cataract of Niagara, where the iiiiineiise vuhime of water tumbles 
over the Niagara limestone to course along through the gorge which it has 
cut as the work of thousands of years. See also Fig. 3;i 

caused by the glacier in one way or another. Before tlie 
glacial period there were few, if any, lakes in the state : 
not even Ontario and Erie. 

This effect of the ice has been of importance in many ways. 
The lakes store water for use in factories; they modify the 
climate; and they offer attractive sites for summer homes. 
But, above all, many of the lakes are navigable; and their 
abundance and wide distribution make New York the most 
favored state in the Union with respect to navigable inland 
waters. 

There is another very important effect of the glacier. 
Before the ice came there was no Mohawk River ; but, 



20 NEW YORK 

instead, there were two streams rising near Little Falls, 
one, the shorter, flowing eastward into the Hudson, the 
other flowing westward to the Ontario valley. The ice 
dragged much drift into tliis valley, thus levelling the 
surface considerably. Then as the glacier gradually 
melted back, it disappeared from the Mohawk earlier 
than from the St. I^awrence valley. The ice, therefore, 
formed a dam in the St. Lawrence valley so that the 
water of the Great Lakes could not flow to the sea that 
way. The lake water was thus forced to rise to the next 
lowest outlet, that of the Mohawk, and consequently for 
a while the waters of the Great Lakes drained into the 
Mohawk. The beaches formed when Lake Ontario rose 
to this level may still be clearly traced through Syracuse, 
Rochester, and Lewiston. 

When iinally the ice left the St. Lawrence valley, and 
the lake waters fell to the level of the outflow at the 
Thousand Islands, the valley that once extended west- 
ward from Little Falls was so tilled with clay and gravel 
deposits that the land no longer slo])ed westward. There- 
fore the jNTohawk now rises near Home, far to the west of 
the old divhle at Little Falls. 

Very early it became evident to certain far-sighted New 
York peoi)le, particularly Governor Dewitt Clinton, that 
nature had given to New York State a great oppoii unity. 
There was the navigable Hudson with its splendid harbor 
on the sea ; there were many na\igable lakes ; and from 
Lake Erie westward thei'e was an almost unintei'rupted 
waterway to the southei'ii end of Lake Michigan and the 
western end of Lake Superior. Uetween Lakes Erie and 
Ontario there was the impassable Niagara cataract ; but 
from I'.idTah) to Ihe nioulh of the Mohawk there was a 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 21 

country so level, with a soil so deep, that a canal could 
easily be built to connect the Hudson and the Great Lakes. 
If the Niagara River had been navigable, would the large 
lake city probably have grown at Buffalo or at Oswego ? 



Fig. 14. 
A view on the Erie Canal in the Mohawk Valley. 

Nature seems to have made this a great highway ; and 
all that man was called upon to do was to construct a 
canal system to connect the navigable waters. This being 
done, the trade of the West naturally came to New York, 
and the two greatest cities of the state, Buffalo and New 
York, have grown up at the two ends of this waterway^ 
while the water route between the two cities is the site of 
a chain of busy cities and villages (Fig. 1). Branch canals 
were dug to the other lakes, Ontario, Champlain, Cayuga, 
and Seneca, and also along the Genesee River. 

The great glacier stripped off the original soil and left in its 
place a soil of variable quality, rocky in pilaces, clayey here, and 
sandy or gravelly there. This soil, or drift, was deposited so 
irregularly that streams tvere often turned aside, forming gorges 
and waterfalls, even Niagara itself. The tvater p>oioer thus 
caused is of immense value to the state. The glacier also caused 



22 NEW YOUK 

the many lakes, indading Ontario and Erie, thereh>/ opening 
up a vast area to inland navigation. Further than that, it so 
levelled the Mohawk valley that the Erie Canal could he easily 
and cheaply built. This has gone far to give New York State 
and its largest cities their present importance. 

Climate. — Suggestions for Review of Climate. — Xame four 
conditions which modify the climate of places. What is the latitude 
of northern New York ? From what you have already learned about 
the state, where would you expect to find influence of altitude? What 
parts of the state are most influenced by the neighborhood of water? 
Recall what you have already learned about prevailing westerlies and 
cyclonic storms. Make obsei-vations of the weather to understand the 
influence of westerlies and cyclonic storms on the climate of your 
home. Study weather maps in this connection. 

Since New York lies in the belt of prevailing westerlies, 
the average winds are from the west. This is especially 
true in the winter when the land is cold and the air flows out 
toward the sea. Being in this wind belt, the state is crossed 
by the cyclonic storms which develop in the westerlies ; 
and this gives rise to variable weather conditions. 

Winds blowing toward these storm centres often come from 
the east and soutli and tlierefore from the ocean. Thus the 
east and south winds bring vapor for clouds and rain. The 
south winds are also warm, for they come from warmer regions. 
Therefore, even in midwinter, when the south wind blows, a 
snowstorm may change to rain and a thaw set in. In summer 
the south wind brings warm, humid air and causes the most 
oppressive of summer weather. On such days tlnnuler showers 
may develop. On the otlier hand, wlien the wind blows from 
the north or west, the weather is dry and cool in summer or 
cold in winter, because the air is then coming from the land. 

There are frequent and often sudden changes in the 
weather, because the wind, influenced by the cyclonic 
storms, blows first from one quarter, then from another. 



PlirslOGRAPIJY AND NATURAL IlESOURCES 23 

But, thanks to the cyclonic storms, winds from the ocean 
are caused often enough to supply the state with sufficient 
rainfall for agriculture. The heaviest rainfall is in the 
highland region and near the coast ; the lightest is in the 
interior and on the lee side of the highlands. In no part 
of the state is the rainfall less than twenty-five inches, 
which is ample for cro[)S. 

Since New York lies in tlie cooler temperate latitude, 
the climate is everywhere cold in winter and warm or 
hot in summer. The lowest temperatures are naturally 
found among the highlands, especially in the Adirondacks 
(the highest mean annual temperatures are near the coast 
where the ocean moderates the climate). The water of the 
lakes, even of the Finger Lakes of central New York, also 
influences the climate. Near the lakes, especially near 
Lakes Erie and Ontario, the summer is made cooler and 
the winter warmer by the influence of the water. This 
makes it possible to raise grapes on a large scale along the 
Erie shore. For the same reason there is extensive grape- 
raising along the other lakes, as, for example, Lake Keuka. 

Valleys are warmer than the neighboring hilltops, 
partly because they are lower and partly because they are 
so enclosed that the warmth is confined, as it is, for ex- 
ample, in a sunny street enclosed between walls of build- 
ings. For this reason, although so far north, tobacco 
culture is carried on in some of the valleys; and for this 
reason also, in addition to the influence of the water, tlie 
Hudson valley has so warm a climate that fruit-raising is 
a very important industry there. 

While the prevailing winds are from the icest, the cyclonic 
storms cause frequent changes. Owing to these storms there is 
a a abundance of rain in all paris of the state. The climate is 



24 NEW YORK 

everyivhere cold in ivinter and ivann in summer, hut there are 
many variations, owing to different elevations, the neighbor- 
hood of bodies of water, and the influence of the enclosing iccdls 
of the valleys. 

Review Qvkstio^s. — Phj/siography and natural resources. Lo- 
cate (Figs. 1 and 5) the Adirondacks. What is tlie reason for the 
heioht of the Adirondacks? Tell about lumbering and lumber 
products. Tell about the lakes of the Adirondacks. Give reasons 
for reserving forest tracts. Why do people go to the Adirondacks? 
What mineral products are found? Tell about the mountain region 
of eastern New York : its location ; geological history ; the Palisades ; 
the industries. Tell about Long Island : its surface features ; its origin ; 
the terminal moraine; the industries. How do the Catskills differ 
from the Adirondacks? WHiy are they so high and rugged? What 
are the industries? Describe the surface features of the plains and 
plateaus of central and western New York. Where is the highest land 
in this region? Why? Into what two plains is the northern section 
divided? " By what ? What about agriculture and lumbering? What 
mineral products are found? Tell about the drainage of the state: 
rapids and falls ; lakes ; principal river systems. What have been the 
effects of the sinking of the land? How was the terminal moraine 
formed? What is till? What are some of the proofs of a former 
glacier? What influence did the glacier have upon the soil? Upon 
rivers in forming falls? Apply this to the formation of Niagara Falls. 
AVhat influence had the glacier upon lakes? Tell briefly how the 
glacier made the Erie Canal possible. Give as many ways as you can 
in which the glacier has been of great importance to New York State. 
Climate. In what wind belt does New York lie? State the 
influence of the cvclonic storms upon temperature. State this influ- 
ence upon rainfall. What other reasons are there for variation in 
climate? How do these variations influence agriculture? 



HISTORT 25 



History 



Again and again in the study of the geography of the 
various countries we have seen that physiography influ- 
ences the occupations of people and the location of cities. 
Tlie hisfori/ of- a region is likewise profoundly influenced 
by the location of its mountains, lakes, and large valleys. 
In no one of the United States is this influence more 
clearly shown than in New York, where the broad Hudson- 
Champlain depression and the Mohawk- valley liave served 
as natural pathways. 

Because of the fine harbor, a flourishing colony, now 
the second city in the world, grew up on New York Bay. 
Tlie Hudson formed such an excellent route for travel 
that traders and settlers quickly readied and occupied 
the whole eastern part of the state, as far north as the 
mouth of the Mohawk. Through the gap cut by the 
Mohawk, traders and settlers found an easy path west- 
ward to the interior of the state and to the Great Lakes, 
as the Indians had done before them. At the north is 
the valley of Lake Champlain, Nature's gateway between 
Canada and New York. These natural routes have made 
New York State a battle ground in eleven different mili- 
tary campaigns in four wars. Notice on the map, Figure 
15, how many forts were located in these two valleys ^and 
how many battles occurred there. 

The first important European exploration of New York 
was that of the Frenchman, Samuel de Champlain, who 
entered from the north and whose name is given to the lake 
which he discovered. Two months later, in the same year 
(1609), the Dutch ship, ffalf Moon, seeking a northwest 
passage to China, sailed up the river which was thenceforth 



2G 



NEW YORK 



called the Hudson, after her English commander, Henry 
Hudson. But since Hudson was in the service of Hol- 
land, this territory was claimed by the Dutch, although 
the English also claimed it as a part of their New Eng- 
land colonies. 




Fig. 15. 

Name the forts («) in the Hudson valley ; {h) near Lake George; 
(c) in the Champlain valley; {<!) in the Mohawk valley. Locate 
Crown Point, Ticonderoga, Ft. Ontario, Ft. Stanwix, West 1 onit. 
Stony Point, Ft. Niagara. Where were battles fought in the war ol 
181'>-1814'^ Where was the scene of Sullivan's expedition i U liere 
was"the American army disbamled hi 1783? What cities have grown 
up on the sites of former forts ? 



HISTORY 27 

The white man found in central New York a powerful 
union of Indian tribes called the Five Nations (Fig. 16). 
Owing to the number of their warriors and to the natural 
strength of their position, which controlled the Mohawk 
and other important valleys, the Five Nations formed the 
strongest body of Indians in America. 

The island of Manhattan, on which New York City stands, 
was sold to the Dutch by the Indians for $24, being at the 
rate of f 1 for a thousand acres. Dutch farmers settled the 
Hudson and Mohawk valleys, and trading-posts were estab- 
lished at various points, the two largest being Fort Orange, 
near the present site of Albany; and New Amsterdam, now New 
York. Among the Dutch settlers the wealthiest had great es- 
tates along the Hudson. These men were called Patroonx, and 
from them sprang some of New York's most noted families. 

In 1664 the English secured possession of the Dutch 
colony and called it New York after the Duke of York. 
This conquest settled the question of Dutch control in 
North America ; but the Indians and French were yet to 
be overcome. When war between France and England 
broke out in 1754, New York naturally became the chief 
battleground of the war in America, since the French 
then occupied Canada. The easiest way for the English 
to invade Canada was l)y the Lake Champlain doorway ; 
and this was also the way which the French chose for 
invading the English colonies. Thus their armies met 
on New York soil, and around Lakes George and Cham- 
plain many battles were fought (Fig. 15). Niagara, 
Oswego, and the Mohawk valley were also the scenes of 
conflicts. The English were at last successful, aud not 
only saved New York, " the key to the continent," but also 
took possession of Canada. 



28 



NEW YORE 



During the Revolutionary War, New York again be- 
came a centre of the struggle, and New York City fell 
into the hands of the English at the outset. Around tlie 




The Five Nalioiis niciil 
das, Oiiondauas, ( ay 
raphy were dtrivcd fr 



Fi<!. k;. 

■d oil the iirfccdiiis pa^e are the Mohawks, Oiiei- 
;, ;ni<l Sciiccas. What names in New York geog- 
lliesc Iriljal names? 



forts on Ivakes Georges and Chaniplain and along the 
Hudson, some of the most important battles were fought. 
The ca[)ture of Fort Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen, and of 
Stony Point on the Hudson by ''Mad Anthony" Wayne 



HISTORY 29 

are among the most daring exploits of the Revolution. 
In the upper Hudson valley, in 1777, the Americans 
gained one of the most important battles, the great vic- 
tory of Saratoga (p. 64). It was the turning point in 
the Revolutionary War, for it brought to the Americans 
the foreign aid wliich they so much needed. 

After the War for Independence had been won. New 
York City became the first capital of the United States, 
and here Washington was inaugurated first President 
in 1789. The city then had a population of thirty-three 
thousand. 

In our second war with England, the War of 1812, New 
York again became a seat of conflict. On Lake Champlain 
Commodore Macdonough won a victory against the Eng- 
lish fleet ; and on Lake Erie, off the Ohio shore. Commo- 
dore Perry gained a still greater victory. Battles were 
fought along the Niagara River, at Oswego, Sacket 
Harbor, Ogdensburg, Buffalo and elsewhere. 

In the meantime settlers had been pushing westward 
and were clearing the forests from the rich farming lands 
of central and western New York. But the lack of 
opportunity for easy communication was one of the most 
serious drawbacks to the development of this portion of 
the state. For example, it cost from fifty to one hundred 
dollars a ton to carry freight from Albany to Buffalo. 
The need of better means of transportation led to the 
construction of the Erie Canal, one of the most im- 
portant events in the history of New York (pp. 20, 57). 
When tlie canal was finished, in 1825, the cost of 
carrying goods from Albany to Buffalo fell to twenty 
dollars a ton, and since then it has been reduced to one 
dollar a ton. 



30 



NEW YORK 



About 1830 the period of railway building began. The 
first railway in the state extended from Albany to Schenec- 
tady, and wooden rails covered with hoop iron strips were 
used. This was the beginning of the New York Central 
liailway, now one of the finest in the world. About 1840 
the Erie Railway from New York to Dunkirk was com- 
menced, and its building did much to open up the southern 
tier of ccnuities. This road was much more difficult to 




The De Witt Clinton '" anrl coaclies. First train on tlie New York Central, 
l.s;il. (Copyrifilited by A. P. Yates, Syracuse, N.Y.) 



build than the New York Central. Why? From the 
beginning of the period of canal and railway construction 
to the present time New York has shown a wonderful 
growth in industry, wealth, and population. 

Revikw Questions. — AVhat physical featiu-es of New York have 
especially influenced its history? Explain why the Champlain valley 
has been the scene of so many campaigns. How many? Tell what 
you can about Champlain and Hudson; the Five Nations; early 
Dutch settlements; the ratroons; i\\e English occupation. In what 



NEW YORE CITY 31 

portions of the state did tlie conflicts of the French and English wars 
take place ? Why there ? What important events took place in New 
York during the Revolutionary War ? Name the important events in 
the War of 1812. Why was the building of the Erie Canal such an 
important event? What can you tell about the first railways of New 
York ? 

Suggestions. — Find out about the Dutch rule in New York. 
Learn more about the Patroons. Head chapters in Irving's "Knick- 
erbocker History of New York." Suggest reasons why, by capturing 
the town of New Amsterdam, the English were able to control all 
the Dutch settlements. W^rite a composition on the battle of Saratoga ; 
on the building of the Erie Canal. Read the story of Benedict 
Arnold's treason. Find out more about Commodore Perry's victory 
on Lake Erie. Collect pictures of historic places in New York. 
Make a historic map showing the location of old forts and battle 
grounds (Fig. 15). Learn some facts about the life and deeds of 
noted New Yorkers, such as Hamilton, Livingston, Clinton, Jaj^ 
Seward, Greeley, Van Buren, Fillmore, and Cleveland. 



NEW YORK CITY 

Map Questions. — (Fig. 18) What waters surround Manhattan 
Island? Long Island (Fig. 1) ? Staten Island? Locate Jersey City ; 
Hoboken ; Sandy Hook. What counties form Long Island (Fig. 1) ? 
Manhattan Island? Staten Island? How would you go by water 
from New York to Philadelphia? to Buffalo? to Montreal? What 
is the latitude and longitude of New York City? What large cities 
of the United States have nearly the same latitude as New York City? 
Compare the latitude of London, Paris, Madrid, Rome, and Peking 
with that of New York. Compare the distance by water from Mont- 
real to Liverpool with that from New York to Liverpool. 

Advantages of Location and Causes of Growth. — Most of 
tlie large cities of Europe were founded one or two thou- 
sand years ago. All of them were populous centres long 
before white men settled on Manhattan Island ; yet, next 
to London, New York is tlie largest city in the world. 
What are the causes of this wonderful growth ? 



32 



NEW YORK 



Chiefly its location. It is on one of the finest harbors in 
the world. It has many miles of water front, giving room 
for hundreds of docks and piers where ships may load and 

unload. The upper 
f ■" ' -m\ bay is connected 
with the ocean by 
three different chan- 
nels. Name them 
(Fig. 18). With- 
< )ut this large, deep, 
safe harbor New 
York's enormous 
ocean commerce 
would be impossible; 
and it is interesting 
to remember that 
this splendid harbor 
is due to a simple 
geological cause — 
the sinking of the 
land (p. 14). This 
same sinking made 
the Hudson River 
the broad, deep 
waterway that it is, 
really an arm of the 
ocean ; and it also 
formed Long Island 
Sound, tliercby providing an enclosed waterway along 
which even small boats may safely carry on traffic with 
southern New England. 

The gap cut by the ]\b)hawk River (p. 19) made possi- 




A relief map of New York harbor and vicinity. 
(Modelled by E. E. Howell, Washington, U.C.) 



NEW YORK CITY 



33 



ble the Erie Canal ; and this canal, by connecting the 
Hudson River with the Great Lakes, brought the com- 
merce of the great West to New York. Thus New York 
became the seaport for the West, both for the shipment 
of its products to foreign countries and for the receipt of 
manufactured and other goods needed by the West. 

The New York C-entral, Erie, and other railways reach- 
ing westward from New York still further increased the 
commerce of the city. These splendid facilities for ship- 
ping both by rail and water so encouraged manufacturing 
that New York became also the greatest manufacturing 
city of the New World. The opportunities for every kind 
of employment draw thousands of people there every year. 
With the growth of trade, manufacturing, and population, 
the wealth of the city so increased that the wealth now 
gathered in New York is far beyond anything which our 
minds can grasp. New York surpasses in this respect any 
other city, with the possible excep- 
tion of London. It rivals even Lon- 
don as the money centre of the world. 

Divisions of the City, Area, and Popu- 
lation. — Greater New Vurk consists of 



^^^.A. 



m 




Brooklyn Bi-idge, between Brooklyn and Manhattan boroughs. Across East 
River are seen the lofty office buildings of lower Manhattan (Ffgs. 23 and 27) . 



34 • NEW YORK 

five boroughs : (1) Manhattan, the heart of the city, occupy- 
ing Manhattan Island ; (2) Brooklyn, consisting of King's 
County on Long Island ; {'A) Bronx, the part of the city 
northeast of Manhattan ; (4) Queens, including the county of 
Queens on Long Island ; (o) liichniond, comprising Staten 
Island. Make an outline map to show these divisions of New 
York City (Fig. 18). 

The city has a length of 37 miles, a width of 25 miles, and 
an area of about 360 square miles. Its population in 1900 was 
3,437,202. Xew York County has an average of 32,550 persons 
to the scpiare mile (Fig. 65). On the other hand, Hamilton 
County in the Adirondacks has an average of less than 3, and 
the farming counties which have no cities average about 50 to 
the S(piare mile (Fig. 65). 

Manufactures and Commerce. — Its large population and 
its une(puilk'(l sliij)ping lacilities have so encouraged manu- 
facturing that, in the value and variety of goods manufac- 
tured, New York far surpasses any other city of America. 
Tliere are upwards of sixteen thousand manufactories, 
large and snuill, in the city, engaged in making almost 
every article \\lii('li people use. There are over five thou- 
sand places devoted to making different kinds of clothing 
alone. But because land is so expensive and rents so high, 
the largest manufacturing plants cannot be found in the 
great cities. Hence, it is rather articles of high value, and 
whose manufacture requires a comparatively small amount 
of room, that are especially made in New York. However, 
in Brooklyn and in the outlying [XJi'tious of greater New 
York are some large manufactories emi)loying()ne thousand 
to fifteen hundred men eacdi ; for example, the Have- 
meyers' Sugar Refineries and the relineries of the Standard 
Oil Company. 

New York is the centre of the printing and pui)lishing 



NEW YORK CITY 



35 



business of the country. It is the greatest importing and 
exporting city of tlie western hemisphere. Indeed, nearly 
as many ships load and unload their cargoes at New York 
as at all the other seaports of the United States together. 
This is particularly important when it is remembered 
that no other nation has such a large trade Avith foreign 
countries as the United States. 




Fig. 21. 
A scene at the flocks near the Brooklyn bridge on the ^Manhattan side. 

Notable Sections of New York. The Piers, Wharves, and 
Docks. — These shipping accommodations form a perfect 
fringe around the lower end of Manhattan and far up the 
sides of the island, especially on the west (Fig, 21). 
There are also many piers in Brooklyn, and they are all 
scenes of bustling activity. Here are ponderous freight 
steamers unloading the products of every country under 
the sun : others are receiving their cargoes of wheat, corn. 



NEW YORK 



meat, and mniiberle.ss other commodities which we send 

to foreign conn- 
tries. Streams 
of })eople are 
pouring from 
the long, grace- 
ful passenger 
steamers; drays 
and trucks, some 
piled liigh with 
mail bags, others 
with express 
and baggage, 
are struggling 
to get to and 
from their piers. 
Ferry boats are 
plying back and 
forth between 
the different 
parts of New 
York and the 
cities on the 
New Jersey 
side; and the 
l)ay swarms with 
crafts of every 
kind, all bus}' 
with the city's 
commerce. 
Bi<i>inc'i<>< Sections (cliiefly Alaidiatlan Borough). — 

There is a notable tendency of business houses engaged 




A scene in Broadway. (Cojiyriiililecl by (iCo. 1'. 11: 
\: Sou, N.Y., 1!H)1).) 



NEW YORK CITY 



37 



in the same line of busi 
acts both to the con- 
venience of the public 
and of the tradesmen. 
For example, most of 
the newspaper publish- 
ing houses are grouped 
on "Newspaper Row." 
The banks, brokers' of- 
fices, and money lenders 
are along the famous 
Wall Street. Other sec- 
tions are devoted respec- 
tively to the leather 
trade, to the silk trade, 
to jewellery, to second- 
hand clothing, and to 
school-book publishing. 
Broadway and Fifth 
Avenue are New York's 
most noted thorough- 
fares (Fig. 22.) On or 
near them, in a section 
south of Central Park, 
are grouped many large 
hotels and theatres. In 
this section is the Grand 
Central Depot, the ter- 
minus of the New York 
Central Railway. So 
valuable is land, that tl 
together and built to 



ness to collect in groups. This 




The Park Row Biiildiiii;. (Copyrighted by 
Geo. P. Hall & Son, N.Y., liKX).) 

le buildings are densely crowded 
great heights, sometimes nearly 



38 NE]r YORK 

thirty stories higli, as for example the Park Row Building 
(Fig. 23). 

Residence Sections. — Thousands of New York business 
men live outside of the city, sometimes as much as forty 
miles away, going to and from their business by train or 
trolley line. Suggest reasons for this. Many live in 
Brooklyn, which has always been a residence city for New 
York business men. Some wealthy persons prefer to live 
at the fashionable hotels, while others have beautiful resi- 
dences, especially on Fifth Avenue. The middle and 
upper portion of the island is largely a residence section, 
and for mile after mile the fronts of the buildings form a 
solid wall from -one cross-street to another. A dozen or 
more families may occupy a single apartment house or 
" flat " building, and land is far too valuable to admit 
of yards. 

The southeast portion of Manhattan, called the "East Side"' 
(Fi^f. 24), is largely a residence section for foreigners. Here 
the people are huddled together in masses, even a whole family 
sometimes living in a single room. In a single square mile on 
the East Side there are forty thousand school children. For- 
eigners collect here by nationalities, and there are the " Italian 
Quarter," tlxe " Chinese Quarter," the " Jewish Quarter," and 
many others. JNIuch crime is committed in this section, and 
there is nuich siitfering. But public day schools, evening 
schools, missions, parks, gymnasiums, recreation piers, free 
baths, et(!., are gradually improving the condition of tlie peojjle. 

Life in a Large City. — Life in a great city necessarily differs 
widely from life in the country. Contrast the following 
account of the conditions in one of the residence districts of 
New York Avith tliat given on jjage 97. 

The family occupies a flat of six or eiglit rooms, paying a 
monthly rent ranging from twenty-five to one hundred and fifty 
dollars. Above, below, and on both sides, are other families 



NEW YORK CITY 



B9 



who often know as little of one another as if they lived miles 
apart. They may thus live in the same house for years and 




Fig. 24. 

A scene on the En 



Side. 



not even know one another's names, although all the a))artments 
are heated from the same furnace, which is tended by a hired 
janitor. The water which they use comes in pipes to their 



40 



NE]V YOBK 



rooms ; and tlieir light is supplied either by gas or by elec- 
tricity. Their mail is collected and delivered several times 
daily by postmen in uniform. The family buys its vegetables 
and fruit in small quantities, perhaps a half jjeck of potatoes 
at a time, for it owns no land on which to raise them, and has 
no space in which to store them. Milk is brought to the 
door every morning, having come to the city on milk trains. 

All refuse ma- 
terial is taken 
from the base- 
ment doors by 
the city garbage 
wagons. 

The children 
play in the street, 
since they have 
no yards, and 
go to school in 
enormous build- 
ings that accom- 
modate perhaps 
thirty or forty 
teachers and two 
thousand pupils 
each. If they 
wish to be among 
trees and birds, 
they may need to 
go two or three 
miles to a park. 
II' they wish to 
visit- a friend in 
anollirr jtari of 
the city, or if they wish to go to shoj), they take a street car 
or elevated train and their route lies over paved or as[)halted 
streets which are swe])t in summer, and cleared of snow in 
Avinter, by city emi)loy('t's. For months at. a lime one may not 




NEW YOnH: CITY 41 

see friends who live in another part of the city. Such are 
some of the features of life in New York. 



Borough of Brooklyn. — Until 1898, Brooklyn was a 
separate city and ranked fourth among the cities of 
America. Because of the number and beauty of its 
church buildings it received the name of "City of 
Churches." It has many stores and much business of its 
own, though a large part of its population is made up of 
families whose support comes from work in Manhattan 
borough. The largest of the United States navy yards is 
at Brooklyn. 

Other Interesting Facts about New York. — New York is, 
before all else, a business city. Among its citizens are 
many of the most famous business men of the nation, as 
well as many of America's greatest lawyers, physicians, and 
clergymen. In fact, the opportunities for superior ability 
of every kind which New York offers are drawing to it 
a liberal portion of the best intellect and energy of the 
country. 

It is also a centre of culture, refinement, and art. New 
York has more than twenty art galleries open to the 
public. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central 
Park is the largest and finest in America. New York is 
the seat of Columbia University (Fig. 26) and the Uni- 
versity of the City of New York. More than fifty parks, 
large and small, are free to the public. The most cele- 
brated is Central Park, with nine miles of driveways and 
twenty-eight miles of walks ; with lakes, woods, museums, 
zoological gardens, and scores of other means of enjoyment 
and education. Its great length, in the heart of the city, 
makes it possible for immense numbers of people to easily 



42 



:tfEW TOh'K 




A view of tlie Columbia University Library ami otlier buildiii.u's. Tlie Hue 
sou River and Palisades are iu the background, (t'opyriyht by G. P. Ha 
& Son, N.Y., 1S9H.) 

reach it. At liiverside Park, on tlie bank of the Hndsoii 
is tlie beautiful toinb in which (ieneral (irant is buried. 

Such crowds of people are })assing from one part of th^ 
city to another at nig-ht and morning that the thousand 
of street cars, elevated railway trains, and ferr}^ boats an 
scarcely able to accommodate them. This crowded condi 
tion is well illustrated on Brooklyn Bridge (Figs. 20 an( 
21), over a mile in length, which connects Manhattan an( 
Brooklyn boroughs, and over ^\ liirli, both on foot and oi 
elevated trains, streams of people are eoiistaiitly passing- 
How to [)ro\ide accommodation for so manv jieople is on( 
of the most diilicult })i'oblems in New York. When stree 
cars and ferry boats were insntiicient, the extensive systen 
of elevated railways was constructed ; and now an under 
ground railway is added to the means of [irovidiiig for th( 
transportation of the jx'opic about the city. 

The residents of New \ nvk include people from prac 
tically all the nations of the earth. The hirge number o 
foreignei's may be indicated by the following statt'ment 
Counting those born in forei«>n countries and their cliil 



XEW YORK CITY 



43 



dren, there are 
more Jews in 
New York tluin 
in Palestine, 
more Irish than 
in Dublin, more 
Germans than in 
Hamburg, and 
more Italians 
than in Venice. 
Summary. — 
New York has 
become the 
greatest city of 
America because 
of its facilities 
for commerce. 
The excellent 
harbor, the deep 
Hudson River 
connected with 
the Great Lakes 
by the Erie Ca- 
nal, and the 
great trunk line 
railways termi- 
nating on the 
shores of the 
harbor, have 
made New York 
the chief seaport 
for the whole 





St. Paul's Church, where Washington worshipped. 
(Copyright by G. P. Hall & Son, N.Y., 1900.) 



44 NEW YORK 

interior of the United States. It is also our chief manu- 
facturing, commercial, and banking city. 

Life in this great city is in many ways interesting and 
peculiar and differs widely from that in the country. Men 
may live miles from their places of business ; and neigh- 
bors, separated only by a thin partition, may not know 
one another. More people may Hve in a single buikling, 
or more children may go to a single school, than live in an 
entire village in the country. So many persons living near 
together cause land to be so valuable that lofty buildings 
are erected and space is wanting for yards and gardens. 
Extensive systems of transportation are necessary, and 
to attend to the government and business of the city 
thousands of officers are re(piired. This dense po})ula- 
tion includes [)eople from many nations ; in fact, half of 
New York's population is of foreign birth or })arentage. 

The Environs of New York City. — Just across the Hud- 
son, in the statu of New Jersey, are several cities wliich 
are closely associated with New York. Among them are 
Jersey City and Hoboken, which are almost as much 
a part of the metropolis as is Brooklyn. The great trunk 
line railways from the West and South cannot enter New 
York directly because as yet no bridge has been built across 
the river near this point. And the various divisions of the 
New York Central from New York State and from New 
England are the only railways which enter Manhattan. The 
others terminate on the New Jersey side, and their passen- 
gers and freight are transferred to New York by means of 
ferry boats. Thus Jersey City and Iloboken may be called 
the railway stations of New York. Thousands of the people 
who do business in the metropolis reside in New Jersey 
and go to and from home daily by train and ferry. 



ENVIRONS OF NEW YORK CITY 



45 



Long Island and the counties of southeastern New 
York, particuhirly Rockhmd, Westchester, Orange, and 
Putnam, also stand in close relation to New York City. 

The many thousands of New York people who prefer to 
have their homes outside the city have caused this part of 
the state to become densely populated. Here are the cities 




Fig. 28. 
Bottliug milk in Delaware County to be sent to New York City. 



of Mount Vernon, New 

BURGH, and MiDDLETOWN. 

are Fishkill, Peekskill, Port 
and Port Chester. Locate 
(Figs. 1 and 18). In the v 
is located the well-known S 
Point, made illustrious by 



ROCHELLE, YONKERS, NeVV- 

Among the larger villages 
Jervis, White Plains, Nyack, 

each of these on the maps 
icinity are Ossining, in which 
ing Sing state prison ; Stony 

" Mad Anthony " Wayne's 



46 NEW YORK 

exploit in Revolutionary times ; West Point, with its 
United States Military Academy for training officers for 
the army ; and Sunny Side, the home of one of our 
greatest American writers, Washington Irving. 

Newbukgh is to be remembered as the place where 
Washington had his headquarters and where the Ameri- 
can army was disbanded at the close of the Revolutionary 
War. YoNKERS has one of the largest manufacturing 
plants in the state, employing five thousand persons in 
making carpets and yarn. All of the other cities and 
villages have manufacturing industries. 

The hilly land away from the river provides pasturage 
for great numbers of milch cows ; and as Long Island is 
one of New York's vegetable gardens, so the southeastern 
counties are its dairy farm. The milk is put chiefly in 
bottles (Fig. 28) and sent to New York City. Not only are 
the vast majority of the people within fifty miles of New 
York constantly working to supply the needs of the mill- 
ions in the city, bnt the farmers, manufacturers, planters, 
and ranchmen throughout our broad counti-y find in New 
York a market for a part of what they produce. 

Revikw Questions. — What causes have made New York the me- 
tropolis of North America? Why is it especially adapted to commerce? 
What portion of the nation's exports and imports passes through New- 
York? Name and locate the boroughs of New York. Tell all you 
can of the history of the city. Tell about its manufactures ; scenes at 
the jiiers; its business sections; its residence sections. Why an- 
buildings so crowded together and so tall? Where is the leading hotel 
and theatre section? The foreign section ? The wholesale trade section ? 
What can you tell about Fifth Avenue? Broadway? The East Side? 
Central Park ? Wall Street ? Brooklyn ? Life in New York ? Name 
some places of interest not already mentioned. Tell about the envi- 
rons of New York, especially the occupation of the people and the 
location of the cities. 




Railroads thus : 
Electric Liues th 
Cauals thus : 
Sttamship Lines 
; 3 i_ 



Fig. 29. 



BUFFALO AND VICINITY 47 



BUFFALO AND VICINITY 



Map Questions. — (Figs. 1 and 29.) How can one go by water 
from Buffalo to Chicago? to Duluth? to Montreal? to New York 
City? In what county is Buffalo? By reference to the scale of miles 
estimate the distance from Buffalo to Niagara Falls ; to Rochester ; to 
New York ; to Cleveland, Ohio. By what railways conld one go from 
Buffalo to New York? How many hours would it take? By what 
railway or railways could you go from your home to Buffalo ? What 
canal terminates at Buff'alo? Why should our government maintain 
a fort at Buffalo and not at Syracuse? On the map (Fig. 29) locate 
Tonawanda, North Tonawanda, Niagara Falls, and Lockport. \\'hat 
is the nearest water route from Buffalo to Liverpool, England? 

Buffalo. — In size IJuffalo is the second city of New 
York State and eighth in the United States. It is natural 
that we shoukl next study about this great city which 
stands at the opposite end of the chain of water and rail- 
way communication which extends across the state. Its 
position and growth de|)en(l upon some of same causes 
which have determined the importance of New York City. 

From a populatiou of one white man in 1789 and of 
1500 in 1812, Buffalo has become a city of 352,387 in 
1900. Many of the cities and villages of eastern New 
York are much older ; in fact, some of them were a century 
old when the first white man settled on " Buffaloe Creek." 
Yet aside from New York City, Buffalo has surpassed 
them all. This is not because the people of these eastern 
towns are necessarily less enterprising than Buffalo 
people. "• Men do not make cities, they grow." 

Buffalo is a great city because it is natural that a great 
city should grow up at the eastern end of Lake Erie. 
Here is the western terminus of the Erie Canal and the 
eastern terminus of that splendid natural waterway, the 
Great Lakes. The best of farming lands, the most valuable 



48 



NEW YORK 




of forests, and the richest iron mines of the world are around 
these hikes (Fig. 30). In earlier years, because there 
were few railways into the West, and later because trans- 
portation by water is clieaper, the lake route has been the 
chief outlet for 
these ni i n e s, 
forests, and 
farms. Boats of 
course could not 
pass Niagara 
Falls, but they 
could transfer 
their cargoes to 
canal boats and 
railwa3's for 
reshipment to 
the seacoast and 
the cities of the 
East. 

Two hundred and twenty-five million feet of lumber, 
two liundred million bushels of grain, one and a half mill- 
ion tons of iron ore, and sixty-six thousand carloads of live 
stock are a portion of Buffalo's enormous yearly receipts from 
the West; and the city is one of the most important markets 
for horses in the United States. This commerce has called 
for lumber yards, grain elevators, ore docks, stock yards, 
and thousands of laborers. Here is the Lackawanna trestle, 
a mile in length and one of the largest coal trestles in the 
world. Here are over forty grain elevators (Fig. 31), tall 
tower-like structures in which the grain is stored for reship- 
ment. For the safety of ships engaged in loading and un- 
loading, a breakwater encloses the harbor on the waterside. 



Some of the raw materials which are readily hroiiKht 
to Buffalo l)y boat. 



BUFFALO AND VICINITY 



49 



Railways seek commercial centres and tlien in turn 
make them still greater centres of trade. Buffalo's natu- 
ral facilities for commerce early attracted railways to the 
city ; then the railways caused Buffalo to grow still more 
rapidly. Twenty-eight railways now enter the city. 

The nearness of the rich coal fields and oil fields of 
Pennsylvania, sources of fuel, light, and power, has added 
much to the growth ami importance of Buffalo. North 




^^^ 




Elevators at the water front of Buffalo. 
(Copyrighted hy Geo. P. Hall & Son, N.Y., 1899.) 

of the city are the Niagara Falls, a part of whose enormous 
water power is being converted into electrical power and 
used to run the street railways and much of the machinery 
of Buffalo. 

There are now in the city more than three thousand 
manufactories, with one hundred thousand employees. 
The most noteworthy manufactures are pig iron, cars, 
leather, starch, soap, flour, linseed oil, fertilizers, and 
chemicals. INIeat packing is another important industry. 



60 



NEW YORK 



Buffalo has one office building, the Ellicott Square Building 
(Fig. 32), occupying an entire city square. This may be taken 
as a type of the office buildings of a great city. It contains 
forty stores, sixteen counting rooms, six hundred offices, six- 
teen elevators, splendid club rooms, and a large, open, central 
court. Its cost Avas nearly three and a half million dollars ; 

yet such perfec- 
tion has the build- 
ing trade reached 
in America, that 
from the day that 
the workmen be- 
gan tearing away 
the old buildings 
on the site until 
the finishing 
touch was added, 
exactly one year 
chijjsed. 

To the south 
and Avest of ]>uf- 
falo are scores of 
gas wells, from 
wliich gas is con- 
veyed in pipes to 
all |)arts of the 
city to be used 
for fuel and light- 
ing. The miles 
parks, and drives, 
witli many other 
ittractive residence city. The 
lerating the summer climate as 
ys delightfully cool still further 
tliis respect, l.uffalo has lately 
i-.\niei-ii-an I']xposition of 1001, 
rpi'isiiig citizens. 




The Ellicott Square Building in Buffalo. This build- 
ing is ton stories high, and contains 447,000 square 
feet of ttoor space, equal to that of a tliousand ordi- 
nary schoolrooms. Between three and four thou- 
sand i)('Oi)le are daily employed here. 



of asphalt i)avenumt. the beautiful homes, 
the universily and normal school, combine 
features to make Bulfalo an 
influence of the lake in so mo 
to make most of the summer d; 
increases its attractiveness in 
attracted attention by the i'a 
which was planned by her ent( 



BUFFALO AND VICINITY 61 

Niagara Falls and the Tonawandas. — The cities of 
Niagara Falls and Norlli Tonawaiula and the village of 
Tonawanda are intimately connected with Buffalo. Note 
their location on the map (Fig. 29). 

The Niagara Falls are capable of furnishing the great- 
est water power in the world, for a million terns of water 
fall over them each minute. A part of this i)ower is now 
being used, though only a small part. liy means of a 
canal some of the water of Niagara River is conducted 




A view of Niagara Falls — tlie American fall on the left, the Canadian or 
Horseshoe fall on the right. (See also Fig. l.!.) 

around the falls and into vertical tubes eight or ten 
feet in diameter extending one hundred and Hfty feet 
into the ground (Fig. 34). At the bottom of each of 
these tubes is a water w^ieel, against which tlie great 
volume of water strikes, causing the wheel to revolve 
with tremendous force. The power of a single wheel 
equals that of five thousand horses, and four hundred 
thousand horse power can be supplied by the works now 
planned on the American side. By means of dynamos 
the water power is changed into electrical i)ower and is 
then conducted by wires to various points where it is 



52 



NE}r YORK 



wanted. Much of it goes to Ikiffalo (}). 49). The 
electrical power thus developed is so cheap and so con- 
venient that numerous large manufacturing establish- 
ments are already located at the city of Niagara Falls, 
and it is reasonable to believe tliat this vicinity will be- 
come one of our most important manufacturing centres. 




SL'ftion to slmw Iidw tlie Niagara powci 
thclmsc of till- tube on tliLrieft-haiid 
down throiitili the tnnnel and liack int< 



d. The wlieels arj pi: 
id till! \vast(! water the 



ed at 

rnns 



Noiith Tona WANDA is a hiinl)('r market of iinlioiial im- 
portance. Its situation on 'roiiawiinda ('reek where it 
enters the Niagara River near Lake l^ric gives it six miles 
of water front and furnislics excellent facililies for ship- 
ping, which are increased ])y tlie fact that the l^rie Canal 
passes tliroiigli llie eily. Much iiiamifaetiiriiig lias uatii- 



BUFFALO AND VICINITY 53 

rally developed in a city with such a location, to which hoth 
coal and iron, as well as lumber, can be brought so cheaply. 

Buffalo and its neighboring towns seem likely to develop 
into one of our greatest inland centres of population, 
manufacturing, and commerce. In that case North Tona- 
wanda, lying between Buffalo and Niagara Falls, may come 
to blend with these two cities. 

Summary. — The importance of Buffalo as a commercial 
city was formerly due to its position at the junction of 
Lake Erie and the Erie Canal. As railways took the 
place of canals, Buffalo naturally became a great rail- 
way centre. Vast quantities of iron ore, grain, lumber, 
and other products are unloaded from boats at Buffalo 
to be shipped elsewhere by rail. Buffalo has over forty 
grain elevators, extensive coal and ore docks, large 
stock yards, over three thousand manufactories, and 
twenty-eight railways connecting it with all parts of the 
United States and Canada. Next to New York, it is the 
chief manufacturing and commercial city of the state. 
Closely associated with Buft'alo are the cities of North 
Tonawanda and Niagara Falls. The former is a great 
lumber market ; the latter has varied manufacturing in- 
dustries largely because of the tremendous water power 
of the falls, which is in part being harnessed and con- 
verted into electrical power. 

Review Questions. — Show liow the situation of Buffalo accounts 
for its rapid growth. In what way is Buffalo closely related to New 
York? Why are grain, lumber, and iron ore so extensively shipped 
on the lakes rather than by rail? Why do most of the boats unload 
at Buffalo instead of going on to Lake Ontario? Wliat are the chief 
articles that are shipped to Buffalo from the AVest? Tell about 
Buffalo as a railway centre. What are its leading niaiuifactures? 
For what is North Tonawanda noted ? Tell all you can about Niagara 
Falls and its water power (see also p. bS). 



54 JffEW YOttK 

THE HUDSON VALLEY 

Map Questions (Figs. 1, 29, and 51). — Where does the Hudson 
river ii.se ? What is its main branch? Where is the Hudson valley 
•widest? About how long is it (use scale of miles)? Name the coun- 
ties on the east bank ; on the west bank. Locate Yonkers, Pough- 
keepsie, Albany, Troy, Newburgh, Hudson, Kingston, Watervliet, 
Cohoes, Saratoga Springs, Glens Falls. What railways run near the 
Hudson from Albany to New York? 

Its Importance. — Between Buffulo and New York, 
along the Hudson and Mohawk valleys and the Erie 
Canal, there is a chain of cities and villages with many 
diverse industries. Like New York and Buffalo these 
cities owe tlieir start and much of their prospei-ity to the 
canal which opened up communication both with the 
sources of raw materials and the markets for manufactured 
products. The Hudson is an important part of this water 
route. Before the Glacial Period, when the land in this 
part of New Yt)rk was higlier than now, a stream of no 
great size flowed southward acro.ss tlie worn-down moun- 
tain region of the southeast (p. 6) and cut a valley rather 
narrow and deep. Where the rocks were hard this valley 
was narrow, as at the Palisades (Fig. G) ; where they were 
softer it was much broader, as at tlie Tappan Sea. 

When tlie land sank (p. 14), it admitted the sea into 
the Hudson valley and changed it to a dee[) estuary, navi- 
gable for nearly 150 miles. Therefore the Hudson is 
not a true rivei-, but an ancient valley into which the tide 
rises as far as Troy, It is an arm of the sea. South of 
Troy the only noticeable current is that produced by the 
incoming and outgoing tide. 

It is (lifH(;ult to appreciate how great an influence the 
Hudson River, together with the Mohawk, has had in 



TliE HUDSON VALLEY 55 

making New York the Empire State. Not only is it in 
itself an artery of commerce between the interior of the 
state and the seaboard, but it forms a part of that water- 
way (p. 32) which for years brought to New York City 
half the surplus products of the nation. 

In a country of hills and mountains, railways must fol- 
low stream valleys to secure easy grades. Therefore the 
Hudson and INIohawk valleys not only made possible the 
Erie Canal, but they furnished a most inviting route for 
railway building, and naturally one of the earliest rail- 
ways was built along these valleys (p. 30). This was the 
New York Central and Hudson River road, which follows 
the course of the Erie Canal from New York to Buffalo. 
This railway system, which includes the West Shore line, 
is one of the finest railways in America. The two paral- 
lel tracks of the Central are on the east side of the Hud- 
son, and the two tracks of the West Shore are on the west 
bank ; and from Albany to Buffalo the New York Cen- 
tral has four tracks. 

The Lower Hudson. — Along the banks of the Hud- 
son are numerous extensive beds of chi}^ ; and the 
demand for brick in New York C'ity, the nearness of the 
clay beds, and the opportunity for cheap transportation 
of the brick in boats on the navigable Hudson have 
made this the greatest brick-making section in the world 
(Fig. 9). More than a billion bricks are made there each 
year. 

The quarrying of flagstone is another extensive indus- 
try in this part of the state, especially in Ulster County, 
where there are over five hundred quarries (Fig. 9). 
These flagstones are used for the sidewalks of New York 
and other nearby cities and villages. 



NEW YORK 



The cheap transportation by water, the excellent rail- 
way facilities, the iiearness to the coal regions, and 
perhaps, al)()ve all, the nearness to New. York City, the 
greatest market of the nation, have united to make the 
Hudson and Mohawk valleys the chief manufacturing 
region of the state. Thousands of boatloads and carloads 
of l)rick, flagstone, cement, lime, and crushed stone are 
taken yearly from the lower Hudson valley to the metrop- 
olis. A large portion of the city's milk and ice comes from 
the farms and ice houses along the river. Large quanti- 
ties of vegetables also come from this section. Of New- 
York's forty-one 
cities, eleven are 
on the Hudson 
and there are a 
score of large and 
thriving villages. 
Name the eleven 
cities (see Map, 
Fig. 1). 

Midway be- 
tween Albany 
and New York 
is l'()r(;HKKEi'SiE, a busy manufacturing city and the seat 
of Vassar College, one of tlu; heading women's colleges of 
the United States. One of the few bridges across the 
lower Hudson is at P(»ughkeei)sie (Fig. So). 

'i'he city of Kingston was the flrst capital of the state. 
It is in the region from which great quantities of brick 
and cement or hydraulic lime are shipped. This cement, 
made by burning the limestone found in the vicinity, 
is used in the buildiutj;' of stone work whit'h is to come 




Fig. 35. 
Railway bri(i;;e across the Hudson at Poughkeepsie. 



THE HUDSON VALLEr 57 

ill contact with water, such as the piers of bridges, in 
which ordinary mortar cannot be used. 

What cities below Kingston liave ah'eady been mentioned 
(pp. 45 and 40) '.' For what are they iin})ortant ? Why shonld 
the hirgest two cities of tlie state be situated at the two ends 
of the water route ? 

The Erie Canal. — In 1807 there occurred on the Hud- 
son River an event of vast importance, — tlie successful 
trip of the first steamboat, Robert Fulton's Clermont, 
from New York to Albany. It soon became evident that 
steamboats could be used to draw other boats. Already 
the great value of a canal between Lake Erie and the 
Hudson River was evident to a few leading men, and 
when it was seen that canal boats could be drawn on the 
Hudson River by a steam tug, the " canal scheme," as some 
called it, began to attract much attention. 

In those years New York had a governor who was far- 
sighted, determined, and courageous ; a man who, in 
spite of great opposition, had the daring to undertake the 
building of the Erie Canal. This man was Governor De 
Witt Clinton. People who did not believe in the canal 
called it "Clinton's big ditch." Very soon after its open- 
ing, however, the wisdom of Governor Clinton and his 
friends was seen by all. The products of the region 
around the Great Lakes began to pour through the Erie 
Canal. Every kind of industry in New York State be- 
came more profitable, for whatever was raised or made 
there now had an easy means of reaching the people who 
wished to buy it. Cities and towns grew up along the 
canal, all of them deriving much of their prosperity from 
the commerce which was carried on over this water route. 
Now New York City is the metropolis of the New World ; 



58 NEW roiiK 

and New York State is the richest, busiest, and most pop- 
ulous of the states. That the canal had much to do with 
this is seen from the fact that 80 per cent of the people 
and 90 per cent of the wealth of New York are in the 
counties along the canal and Hudson River. 

Albany, Troy, and Neighboring Cities (Map, Fig. 51).— 
About 150 miles above the mouth of the Hudson River 
is a, region naturally fitted to be a centre of population 
and industry. It is at the head of tide water and of 
steam navigation ; at the junction of two large rivers ; 
at the meeting point of the Erie and Champlain canals 
with the Hudson River ; and at the intersection of two 
natural ctmnnercial routes, — the north and south route, 
formed by the Hudson and Champlain valleys, and the 
east and west, formed by the Mohawk valley and contin- 
ued on into New England. From this centre, trunk line 
railways radiate in all directions ; the Delaware and Hud- 
son north to Montreal and southwest to Binghamton: the 
Fitchburg and the Boston and Albany east to Boston ; 
the New York Central and the West Shore south to New 
York and west to Buffalo, besides other roads to other 
points. 

It is not strange then that five cities and several large 
villages are grouped in this vicinity. The cities are 
Albany, Troy, Cohoes, Watervliet and Rensselaer. 

Ali'.anv, next to New York City the oldest of New 
York towns, was established as a trading post by the 
Dutch in 1 (11 7. Eater,a- fort was built at this point to guard 
the river ami settlement. It was called Fort Orange, and 
finally, by the English, named Albany. Like so many 
other N(!w York towns, Albany dates its prosperity from 
the time of the opening of the Erie Canal. Yet other 



THE HUDSON VALLEY 



59 



causes have contributed to the groAvth of this group of 
cities, of which Albany is the hirgest. 

Through these cities passes the commerce of the Erie 
and Champlain canals, once so extensive but now going 




Fig. 3t;. 
The State Capitol at Albany. (Copyrighted by Geo. P. Hall c& Son, N.Y., 1890.) 



more and more to the railways. Lumber from the Adi- 
rondacks and Canada ; marble, iron and slate from Ver- 
mont and northern New York ; farm products from the 
West; and the manufactures of New England and New 
York in their movement to various markets, find here a 
convenient centre of distribution. 



60 



^EW YORE 



Albany has been the seat of the state government since 
17*J7. The state capitol building (Fig. 36), is a beautiful 
structure, especially in its interior (Fig. 37). In it are 

the offices of a 
great number of 
state officials; 
the chambers 
^\■here the Sen- 
ate, the Assem- 
bly, and the 
Court of Ap- 
peals hold their 
sessions ; the 
state library, 
and the offices 
of the Regents 
and of the De- 
partment of 
l*ublic Instruc- 
tion. 

On the east- 
ern side of the 
river, opposite 
Albany, is the 
city of Rens- 

SKLAKK. At 

Wkst Albany 
arc iniuicnse car 
slioi)s wlici-c cars 

ind locomotives for the New York (V'litral IJailway are 

na.l.-. 
Six miles iioi-tli of Albany is the city of Tiiov, one of 




Fig M 

A }iliiiii)sc in tlie interior of tlu! Caijitol I'.iiildiii.y to 
show tlie beiuitifnl ciirvinu-. (Oopyrinhtcd by 
(Jen. P. Hall >Sc Son, N.Y., ISIMI.) 



THE HUDSON VALLEY 



61 



the prominent manufacturing cities of the state. It is 
an interesting fact that some cities, while engaged in a 
variety of manufactures, throw their chief energy into a 
single industry which is peculiarly favored by the location, 
or perhaps by other advantages. An excellent example of 
this is seen in Troy, the city of collars, cuffs, and shirts. 
In the making and laundering of these, twent3-five thou- 




Scene in a great shirt factory in Troy. 



sand people, a third of the population, are employed. 
There is no other city so largely engaged in this line of 
manufacture. Nearness to large cotton mills, where the 
cloth is obtained, and to large cities where the goods may 
be sold, have combined with the excellent shipping facili- 
ties to favor the development of this industry in Troy 
and in surrounding cities and towns. Nearly all of the 
larger villages in the counties about Troy are also engaged 



62 



NEIV YORK 




EASTEU.N yE^\ YORK 

SHOWliNG 
Paper or Pulp Mill th 
Knitting Mill thus:.. ...... 

Shirt, Cullar & Cuff Factory tli 

Scale of Wiles. 



Fig. 



QuKSTiONs. -On or near what two rivers are 
most of tlie paper mills located ? Why ? Where 
are most „r tl„. kniltin- miIIIs fo.iiid? 



in making these 
•same articles 
(Fig. 39). This 
city may fitly 
be called the na- 
tion's chief laun- 
dry (Fig. 38). 

Watehvliet, 
where the Erie 
Canal reaches 
the Hudson, is 
opposite Troy. 
At the United 
States arsenal, 
situated there, 
the great caniion 
used in our coast 
defences are 
made. A rifled 
cannon fifty feet 
long and with 
a bore sixteen 
inches in diame- 
ter, the largest 
of its kiud in 
the world, was 
recently made 
at this arsenal, 
'lust before 
joining the Hud^ 
son, the Avaters 
of the M.-liawk 



THE HUDSON VALLEY 63 

plunge over a ledge forming the falls around which 
CoHOES has grown up. Like many other cities, it owes 
its location and much of its growth to the water power 
here available for manufacturing purposes. Few impor- 
tant manufactories now depend solely upon water power, 
for in a dry season it may become insufficient, and steam 
must then be employed. Yet wherever water power can be 
used, its cheapness makes it an important aid in manufac- 
turing. It is on this account tliat Cohoes has become the 
centre of a great industry, the manufacture of hosiery. In 
this one city nearly a third of the hosiery of the United 
States is manufactured. No other section of the coun- 
try makes such quantities of underwear, stockings and 
shirts as the upper Hudson and Mohawk valleys (Fig.39). 

Waterford and Mechanicsville (Fig. 1) are two 
of the nearby villages largely devoted to the manufacture 
of knit goods and shirts. Lansingburg is noted for the 
manufacture of brushes, and HoosiCK Falls for harvest- 
ing machinery. Hudson and Catskill (Fig. 1) farther 
down the Hudson are also in the region of knit goods 
manufacture of which Cohoes is the centre (Fig. 39). 

The Upper Hudson and Lakes George and Champlain. — 
A lowland between tlie mountains of New England and 
the Adirondacks extends from the Hudson valley to 
Canada. This region, in a part of which lie Lakes George 
and Champlain, rs full of interest for every American boy 
and girl, hi the statements about the history of the state 
it was pointed out that the valley of Lake Champlain 
is a natural doorway between Canada and tlie United 
States (p. 25). In colonial days, when settlers occupied 
only the eastern part of the continent, tliis was almost the 
only convenient route for the movement of armies between 



64 



NEW YORK 



the two sections. Because the control of this route in 
the different wars was of great importance to both parties, 
forts were built at many points. Most of these have gone 

to ruin, but their names are 

retained by the villages which 
grew up around them. Such 
are Fort Edward, Fort 
Ann, Ticonderoga, and 
CitowN Point (Fig. 15). 

The histories tell some 
thrilling tales of brave deeds 
and fierce battles connected 
with this region. The great- 
est of all these battles, known 
as tlie battle of Saratoga, was 
fought on the west side of 
the Hudson between the 
villages of Stillwater and 
Schuylerville. The fine Brit- 
ish army under (leneral Bur- 
goyne had come up Lake 
Champlain and was march- 
ing toward Albany, when the 
Americans met it and for two 
days steadily dro\e back the 
English and- C()ni[)elle(l the 
entire army to surrender on 
the spot where the village of 
Schuylerville now stands. 
On tlic liill overlooking tliis village is a beautiful monu- 
ment, loO feet high ( Fig. 40), commemorating this, the 
most decisive battle in the Revolutionary War (p. 29). 




'i'lic inoiiiunent to coiiiiiiciuoratc 
tliel);itMeof Saratoj^a, at Schuy- 
lerville, N.Y. 



THE HUDSON VALLEY 



65 



Not far from this battle ground is tlie celebrated village 
of Saratoga Springs. The rocks anderlying tlie region 
are full of cracks which reach down deep into the earth, 
and up through which bubble mineral waters with valu- 
able medicinal qualities. Thousands of people resort here 
each summer for health and recreation. For many years 
Saratoga Springs was the most famous summer resort in 
America. 

A little farther noi'th are the spurs of the Adirondack 
Mountains. In addition to lumbering, there is another 
very important industry carried on in the vicinity of 
these mountains. Nearly every village in the counties 
on their southeastern border has one or more pulp and 
paper mills. 
Wood pul[) is 
ground wood, 
mostly spruce- 
It is mixed with 
water, and rolled 
into great sheets 
like thick })aste- 
b o a r d , and is 
used in making 
paper, especially 
the chea])er 
grades. The 
towns which 
girdle the Adi- 
rondacks form 

the greatest pulp and paper making region in the United 
States (Fig. 39). This is due to the abundance of si)ruce 
in the mountains and to the comparative nearness of the 




The water power in the Hudson at Glens Falls. (Copy- 
righted, ISIK), by S. R. Stoddard, Glens Falls, N.Y.) 



66 . NEW YORK 

mills to such great printing and publishing cities as New 
York and Boston. 

Glens Falls is one of the stirring villages of this sec- 
tion. It is the most northern of the towns which are 
extensively engaged in manufacturing shirts, collars, 'and 
cuffs. What city leads in this industry ? Not far away 
is Mt. McGregor where General (irant died in 1885. 
Where is his tomb y 

The southwestern foothills of the Green INIouutains are 
partially in New York. In them are quarries of excellent 
slate (Fig. 9), which, when split into thin sheets, is used for 
the roofs of buildings. What other uses has slate '.' 

Rkview (Questions. — Describe the changes in tlie Hudson valley 
due to the sinking of the land. In what respects is the Hudson not a 
true river? Why has the sinking of the land been a benefit? Who 
discovered the Hudson River? Where was the first settlement? How 
have the Hudson and IMohawk valleys aided in the settlement of the 
state? Why were these valleys so important in the early wars? 
What railways run along the Hudson River? Why have the Hudson 
and Mohawk valleys become the great manufacturing section of the 
state? Name the five mineral products which are so valuable in the 
Hudson valley. Why are they more valuable here than if they were 
in northern New York ? What else is supplied to New York from 
this region? Name and locate the eleven cities along the Hudson. 
How is cement or hydraulic lime made? For what is it used ? Show 
why it is natural that the region about the mouth of the Mohawk 
should be a centre of population and industry. Name and locate the 
cities situated there. State the leading historical facts about Albany. 
What great event occurred on the Hudson River in 1S07 ? How did 
the event influence the building of the Erie Canal ? What man was 
foremost in securing the Erie Canal? Wiiat shows the benefit of 
this canal to the state? Tell what you can about .\lbany ; alioiil 
Troy; Cohoes ; Watervliet ; Rensselaer. In what does Troy lead all 
other cities? Cohoes? Locate and tell about Waterford and Mechan- 
icsville ; Lansingburg; Iloosick Falls ; Hudson and Catskill. Locate 
Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Fort Edward. Why should Ticon- 
deroga have been selected as a place for a fort ? Locate (jlens Falls, and 



NORTHERN NEW YORE 67 

Saratoga Springs. For what should each be remembered? AVhat is 
manufactured in great quantities along the upper Hudson ? Why in 
this section? What is wood pulp? For what is slate used? What 
canal joins Lake Champlain and the Hudson River? 

Suggestions. — Learn more about P^than Allen and the capture of 
Ticonderoga. Bring to the class any jiictures you can get of Lake 
George, Lake Champlain, Saratoga Springs, Mt. McGregor, and other 
places in this region. J]xamine pieces of wood pulp. James Feni- 
more Cooper has written a noted story which deals with this region. 
Have you read the story? AVhat do you know about General Grant? 

NORTHERN NEW YORK 

Map Questions (Fig. 1 ). — AVhat counties border the St. Lawrence 
lliver and Canada? What counties border Lakes Champlain and 
(ieorge ? Which is the largest county of the state? In what county 
is the highest portion of the Adirondacks ; that is, the region of Mt. 
Marcy? What large rivers rise in the Adirondacks? What river 
system receives most of the Adirondack drainage? Why are there 
so many streams flowing from the Adirondacks? How long is Lake 
Champlain (use scale of miles) ? What is the outlet of Lake Cham- 
plain ? Why has the Champlain valley been of so much importance 
in the history of New York ? Where are the Thousand Islands ? 
Which is the northernmost village in the state ? Locate Watertown 
and Ogdensburg. 

You have already learned (p. 1) that northern New 
York is the oldest and highest portion of the state. You 
will remember that all of North America did not become 
dry land at one time, but that certain parts of it, the 
Adirondack region among them, were raised above the 
sea long before the otlier parts were. 

Review pages 1-5 and »)5, in order to recall why and 
how these mountains are valuable ; what industries they 
have led to ; how lumbering is carried on ; why the 
reckless destruction of forests is wrong ; what is being 
done to prevent it ; why the population is so sparse ; 
how the people who live there are employed in summer 



08 



NEW TO UK 



and in winter ; what minerals are produced ; why iron 
mining in this region is not more profitable ; why so much 
wood pul}> and pa])er are made in their vicinity. 

It would be wrong to think tliat all of northern New 
York is mountainous. To be sure, the eastern portion is 
high and rugged, and there is only a narrow strip of low- 
land between the mountains and Lake Champlain. But 




Fig. 4'i. 
Cuttiug timber in the Adirondacks. 



between the St. Lawrence River and the Adirondacks lies 
much good farming land. The great number of streams, 
sui)plied from the mountain lakes, makes the land excellent 
for pasturing cows from Avhose milk great quantities of 
butter and cheese are made. It takes about ten pounds of 
milk for a pound of cheese and twenty ])oun(ls for a ])()Uiid 
of butter. In tiie ])ro(luction of these two articles St. 
Lawrence County leads all otliers in tlie statt; ( b'ig. 58). 
Why should the milk of this section be made into 



NORrilERN NEW YOliK 



69 



butter and cheese instead of being- shipped to cities, as is 
done in the southeastern counties ? Where are the great 
butter and cheese sections of New York State (Fig. 58) ? 
It is evident that for many reasons this part of New 
York is not adapted to extensive and varied manufacturing. 
Suggest some 
of the reasons. 
Yet the water 
power of the 
many streams 
and the forests 
of spruce wood 
in the mountains 
have created 
there a vast pulp 
and paper mak- 
ing industry, 
especially along 
the Black River 
and the upper 
Hudson (Fig. 
39). 

Drawing a load of logs from tlie forest in the 

In the northern Adirondacks. 

part, in the region 

of Malone, hop raising has been extensively and }>rotitably 
carried on. For what are liops used ? 

In the region around Potsdam are quantities of excellent 
building stone known as Potsdam sandstone. What other 
kinds of building stone do you know of? At Gouverneur 
there are large marble quarries. Per what purposes is marble 
used ? Not far away are quarries of soft, soapy stone called 
talc (Fig. 9). It is ground to a fine powder and is used in the 
manufacture of paper to give it a smooth sm-face. Iron is 




lO 



NE]V YORK 



mined at various places on the eastern side of the Adirondack 
Mountains (Fig. 9) ; and near Lake George are mines of graphite, 
the material of which the " lead " of lead pencils is made. 

No other portion of New York has so few cities. This is 
partly because much of the surface is mountainous and partly 
because the comparatively few railways and the distance from 
large cities are unfavorable to manufacturing. 




Old style way of boiling the maple sap in the forest to make maple sugar. In 
many sections this is an important industry in the spring. 

Tlie Black River furnishes water power at several 
points. At one of these the flourisliing city of Wateu- 
TOWN lias grown up and is engaged in a variety of manu- 
factures, especially pa})er making. 

0(4r)ENRl{URG is the most northern of New York cities. 
It is an impoi-tant commercial and manufacturing centre 
due to its railway facilities, and its ])()siti(in on the St. 
Lawrence River. 

Locate on tlie map each of the cities and villages men- 
tioned ; also Plattsiuti;c!, a luisy village on tlie Cham- 
plain shore, ^^^lat railway runs from ( )g(lcnsl)urg to 



THE MOHAWK VALLEY 71 

Watertown and along the shore of Lake Ontario to Niag- 
ara Falls ? 

Summary. — Northern New York is the most thinly popu- 
lated portion of the state. The 'mountainous section is largely 
forest covered, and lumbering is the leading industry. Sur- 
rounding the Adirondack Mountains is the greatest paper- 
making region in the United States. Iron and graphite are 
mined, and marble, sandstone, and talc are quarried. The more 
level portions are devoted to dairy farming, and St. Lawrence 
County is the largest butter and cheese producer among the 
counties of the state. 

There are no very large cities and not many railways. 



THE MOHAWK VALLEY 

]\Iap Questions (Fig. 1).— Where does the INIohawk River rise? 
^^'hat other large river rises in the same region ? Through wliat coun- 
ties does the Mohawk flow? Locate Schenectady, Amsterdam, (ilov- 
ersville, Johnstown, Little Falls, Utica and Rome. How does the area 
drained by the Mohawk and its tributaries compare with the area 
drained by the Susquehanna and its branches in New York ? 

Reference has already been made to the influence of the 
Mohawk valley in the development of New York (pp. 20 
and 57). How the valley was lengthened and enlarged 
when the great glacier was melting, and how tlie glacial 
river cut through the low mountains at Little Falls, has 
already been explained (p. 19), This gap, which offers 
the best opening through the eastern mountains to tlie 
interior of the continent, has meant a great deal to New 
York, for it has made the Erie Canal possible, and has 
brought to the state the commerce of a large portion of the 
West. 

Because of the ease of entrance, the Mohawk valley was 



72 



NEW YORE 



early settled by the sturdy Dutch fanners. Its farm 
lands are among the best in the state. The region is 
especially adapted to dairy farming, and is celebrated for 
its l)utter and cheese. Little Falls and Utica have 

\ong been noted cheese 

markets. Much broom 
corn is raised for the 
manufacture of brooms. 
The raising of sweet 
corn, peas, and beans for 
canning, whicli has be- 
come an important in- 
dustry in many parts of 
the state, is extensivel}^ 
carried on in the upper 
M o h a ^\• k v alley, an d 
canning factories are 
located in many of the 
towns. Rome, for ex- 
ample, has a very large 
one, employing in tlie 
canning season more 
than a thousand persons 
(Fig. 45). 

For reasons already 
mentioiHMl there are 
many towns and cities 
along the Mohawk which have become the seats of im- 
portant manufactures. This is especially true of the 
manufiicture of knit goods, in wliicli tliousands of })eoj)le 
(Fig. 89) are em])loyed. 

SciiEXECTADV is one of New York's old and historic 




Fio. 45. 
Sorting corn for ciinning ;it Umne. 



THE MOHAWK VALLEY 



73 




Fig. 46. 

Gathering beans for the cannery, in the Mohawk valley. 



towns. It was burned by the French and Indians in 1690 
during one of the invasions from the north. Here is 
located Union College, the second oldest college in the 
state. What and where is the oldest one (Fig. 26) ? 
Schenectady was the western terminus of the Hudson 
and Mohawk railway, the first railroad in the state, 
built in 1831, and extending to Albany (Fig. 17). 
Among its many manufacturing institutions are two very 
large ones, the Schenectady Locomotive Works and the 
sliops of the General Electric Company. The latter 
company employs about seven thousand persons. 

Amsterdam is one of the most extensive carpet-manu- 
facturing cities of the state. The sister cities of Gloveus- 
viLLE and Johnstown are celebrated foi- the manufacture 
of gloves and mittens. There is no better example of a 
city almost wholly devoted to one industry than is seen 
in Gloversville or Johnstown. Although neither of these 
cities is very large, yet together they have more than a 
hundred and fifty factories, large and small, which make 
leather gloves and mittens, supplying more tliaii half of 
all that are used in the United States. 



74 



NEW YORE 



Little Falls, in addition to being a leading cheese 
market, is one of the cities hxrgely engaged in making- 
knit goods of all kinds (Fig. 39). 

Utica and Rome began as frontier forts and trading 
posts in colonial days when the Mohawk valley was playing 
an important part in the early history of New York, ^^'hile 



'^'^3 




the Champlahi valley was more frequently used as a mili- 
tary route between Canada and the settled portions of 
New York, yet armies also invaded llie state by crossing 
the eastern end of Lake Ontai'io and marching down the 
Mohawk valley. As a means of guarding tliis passage. 
Forts Stan^\•ix and Schuyler wcsre built. The foits have 
gone to ruin, but on the site ol' Fort Schn)ler stands 



THE MOHAWK VALLEY 



Utica, the seventh in size of New York's cities. Fort 
Stanwix became Rome (Fig. 15). During the Revolu- 
tion one of the bloodiest battles of the war was fought at 
Oriskany, near Utica. It was a great victory for the 
Americans, and hastened the defeat of General Burgojaie 
at Saratoga (p. 64). 

Utica has grown rapidly since the building of the Erie 
Canal and the New York Central Railway. It now has 




Fig. 48. 
Weaving cotton cloth at Utica. (Copyrighted by Geo. P. Hall & Son, N. Y., 1899.) 

the most extensive cotton and woollen mills in the state 
(Figs. 47 and 48). Rome, at the junction of the lUack 
River and Erie canals, is the centre of a rich farming region 
and has very large canning factories (Fig. 45). There are 
several manufacturing towns in addition to the cities already 
named. The largest of these are Ilton and Herkiimer. 

A little to the south of Little Falls is Otsego Lake, wliicli, 
though near the Mohawk, drains southward into the Susc^ue- 



76 NEW YORK 

lianna River. At the southern end of this lake lies Coopeks- 
TOWN, once the home of James Fenimore Cooper, author of the 
" Leather Stocking Tales " and other books. Have you read 
of Hawkeye, the famous hunter and scout, and of his friend, 
the Indian chief, Uncas ? The scenes of several of Cooper's 
books are laid in New York State. Name some of them. 

Review Questions. — Why has this valley been so important in 
the history and development of New York State (pp. 29 and 57) ? 
What change was made in the valley at the close of the glacial period 
(p. 19)? Why was this change so important? What cities are in 
this valley ? For what kind of manufacturing is the Mohawk valley 
especially noted? What can you say of its farming industries? 
What city is noted for the manufacture of locomotives and electrical 
goods? For gloves and mittens? For carpets? For cotton and 
woollen goods? For canned goods? Why have the Erie Canal and 
the New York Central Railway been a leading cause for the extensive 
manufacturing along the Mohawk? What railways traverse the 
Mohawk valley? What do you know about rianies Fenimore Cooper? 

Suggestion. — Let one recitation period be devoted to the inter- 
esting historical events which have taken place in the Mohawk region : 
the burning of Schenectady; the defeat of St. Leger at Oriskany; Forts 
Stanwix and Schuyler; the first railway; the building of the Erie 
Canal, etc. 

THE LAKE ONTARIO PLAIN 

Map Questions. — What coiudies of New York border Lake 
Ontario? Describe the three rivers of New York which flow into 
Lake Ontario. Describe the Oneida and Seneca rivers. What ralb 
way runs near and parallel to the Lake Ontario shore? What raib 
ways and canal traverse this plain from east to west? 

Physiography, Climate, and Resources. — From the we.st- 
ern end of the Moluiwk valley a low plain from twenty to 
forty miles in width extends westward across the state 
(pp. 0-11). It is bounded on the nortli by Lake Ontai-io, 
and on the south it becomes more hilly, and the country 



THE LAKE ONTARIO PLAIN 77 

grows higher and higher to ward the Pennsylvania bor- 
der (Fig. 8). A portion of Jefferson and St. Lawrenee 
counties, east of Lake Ontario, is included in this lowland 
area. 

When the great ice sheet advanced over this section, it 
removed the former soil and left in its place a glacial soil, 
as it did in all other portions of the state, with the excep- 
tion of tlie southern edge of Chautauqua and Cattaraugus 
counties. This glacial soil is deep and fertile and the 
general levelness makes it easy to till, so that the Lake 
Ontario plain is an excellent farming region. Therefore 
the forests have been so extensively removed that a larger 
proportion of the land is under cultivation than in any 
other section of the state. The grouiid-u^j limestone and 
limy shale make a soil favorable to wheat growing ; but 
there are many other farm products. 

A large body of water like Lake Ontario has a marked 
effect upon climate (p. 23). Water is more slowly heated 
and more slowly cooled than the land. Because of this it 
acts as an equalizer of temperature both in winter and sum- 
mer, moderating the heat of day and the coolness of night. 
It also holds back the spring a little and prolongs the au- 
tumn. Such a climate is well suited to fruit growing be- 
cause the buds do not open quite so early after winter lias 
gone, and thus they are not exposed to the chilling winds 
or the possible frosts of early spring. It also keeps away 
early frosts in the fall and thus prolongs the growing season. 
Great quantities of apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, 
and berries are therefore raised in all the counties which 
border Lake Ontario. Orleans County alone i)roduces a 
million barrels of apples in a favorable season. 

Thus favored by climate and fertile soil, and further 



78 NEW YORE 

aided by the best of sliipping facilities, the Ontario Plain 
may well be called tlie garden spot of the Empire State. 
The shipping facilities have been determined by the physi- 
ography ; for, as we have seen, this level plain, connected 
with the Mohawk valley and Lake Erie, favored the con- 
struction of the Erie Canal. It has since been equally 
favorable to railroad building, and is now traversed by 
several of the leading railways of the state. Many cities 
and villages have grown up along the Erie Canal and the 
New York Central Railway (see Map, Eig. 1). 

Aside from the Black River in the extreme east, the only 
large streams flowing across this plain are the Genesee 
and Oswego rivers, botli of which, owing to the effect of 
the glacier (p. 18), furnish water power which has led to 
manufacturing, especially at Rochester and at the falls 
of the Oswego. But, on the whole, this is not an exten- 
sive manufacturing section; its chief wealth lies in its 
farm products and fruit. 

Rochester (Eig. 51). — Again and again it has been 
pointed out that cities are not located by accident. Tliey 
usually owe their growth to some natural advantage which 
that particular site offers. One of the natural features 
which very often leads to the location of a village is 
the presence of water power. In the early days steam 
power was not known, and factories depended upon water 
power to run their machinery. Thus the early settlers 
were most likely to collect near streams which could be 
made to turn the water wheels of their sawmills and 
gristmills. It is a noticeable fact tliat nearly every thriv- 
ing village and many cities in this part of New York are 
at points on streams where water power may be obtained. 

Seven miles back from the mouth of the Genesee River 



THE LAKE ONTARIO PLAIN 



79 




Fig. 4!I. 

The Falls, around which tlie mamifactiiring city of 

Rochester has grown. 



is a series of three waterfalls (Fig. 49). Here, in 1810, a 
little settlement was made, and this settlement has grown 
into the busy and beautiful city of Rochester, the third 
city of New York. Chief among the causes for the 
growth of Roch- 
ester is the 
abundant water 
l>ower which the 
(lenesee River 
here affords. 

With the 
building of the 
Erie Canal the 
city had the two 
conditions nec- 
essary to make 
a flourishing manufacturing centre ; namely, ahundant and 
cheap power^ coupled with means of cheap transportation. 
A little later the Genesee Valley Canal was built from 
Rochester to Glean, most of the distance along the bank 
of the Genesee River. The hundreds of boatloads . of 
lumber, shingles, farm produce, etc., which were shipped 
to Rochester by this route helped to make a prosperous 
city, and its growth was therefore rapid. But the day 
of ordinary canals is past ; railways have replaced them, 
and the Genesee Valley Canal and many others tln-ough- 
out the country have been abandoned. In fact, the 
canal is now the site of one branch of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad. 

The building of the New York Central Railway has 
done much for Rochester, as it has for all the places 
through which it passes. Now eleven railways enter 



80 NEW YOEK 

the city, .su})[)l3'ing with necessary materials more than 
two tliousand factories, and carrying away annually nearly 
three liundred million dollars' worth of manufactured 
goods. Rochester has a hundred factories engaged in 




Fig. 50. 

The Mount Hope nurseries near Rochester. Here seeds, bulbs, shrubs, and 
trees are carefully raised for sale in many states. 

making clothing and boots and shoes alone. It ranks as 
one of the first four cities of the United States in these 
manufactures. In the production of photographic ap})a- 
ratns and optical instruments, and in the output of seeds 
and nursery stock, Rochester is the first city in the 



THE LAKE 0.\TA1U0 PLAIN 81 

United States. A niillion and a half barrels of flour are 
ground yearly in its flouring mills. These last two 
named industries are in part dependent upon the fact 
that surrounding the city is one of the finest farming 
sections to be found in the state ; and it is for this reason 
also that it has one of the hirgest canning factories in the 
United States. 

Through its port, Charlotte, at the mouth of the Gene- 
see, . Rochester has a considerable lake commerce, and 
doubtless the convenience with which articles of trade 
can be shipped to or from Rochester by way of the lakes 
has aided in its growth. Among its educational institu- 
tions is Rochester University. 

Syracuse (Fig. 51). — This city owes its location and 
much of its growth to the salt springs in tlie vicinity. More 
than a century ago the Indians told the white men of these 
springs, though the Indians knew little of their value. 
In 1825 the settlement had grown to a small village, but 
Avith the building of the Erie Canal a great change came. 
This made it possible to cheaply transport the salt to the 
cities and towns which wanted it, and therefore the evap- 
oration of the brine for the manufacture of salt became a 
great industry at Syracuse. The former importance of 
this industry may be judged from the fact that in 1868 
over eight million bushels of salt were shipped from the 
city. The Oswego Canal was l)uilt connecting the Erie 
Canal and Lake Ontario, and then came the New York 
Central Railway, both of which increased the business of 
the city. 

Syracuse has declined in importance as a salt-producing 
centre, partly owing to the increasing difficulty in ol)tain- 
ing the brine and partly to the opening of salt wells and 



82 NEW YORK 

mines elsewhere ; but it is now one of New York's busiest 
manufacturing cities. Among its many and varied man- 
ufactures are included articles of iron and steel, many 
kinds of machinery, bicycles, carriages, and shoes. It is 
one of the leading railroad centres of New York, and thus 
has excellent shipping facilities, both by rail and by 
canal. It is, moreover, almost at the exact geograpliical 
centre of the state, and because of its many advantages 
now ranks fourtli among the great cities of New York. 
It is also the seat of Syracuse University, one of the 
larger of the universities of New York. 




Fic. 52. 
Syracuse Uuiversity. 

Just outside of Syracuse is the village of Solvay, where are 
located the Solvay Process Works. Here, from brine obtained 
from salt springs and wells some miles to the south of the city, 
is made half the soda used in the United States. The Solvay 
Company manufactures daily 350 tons of soda in various forms, 
using 2,000,000 gallons of brine; consuming daily 600 tons 
of coal ; employing from 2500 to 3000 men and occupying 2000 
acres of land : 700 tons of limestone are also needed daily in 
the process. 

Name some of the uses of salt. Could salt be obtained from 
ocean water? How? Do you know the difference between 
table salt, dairy salt, and rock salt? What is the weight of 



The lake Ontario plain 8S 

a bushel of salt? Of a barrel of salt? What is brine? Do 
you know of other localities where salt is produced ? 

Other Cities of the Ontario Plain. — The layer of hard 
limestone which causes the falls at Niagara extends as a 
pronounced ridge eastward tlirough Niagara County. The 
plain north of this ridge is one or two hundred feet lower 
than that south of it, and at the point where the Erie 
Canal passes from the higher to the lower level it is 
necessary to have a number of locks. The water power 
furnished by the canal at this point, and the fact that this 
was a natural stopping place for boats, together with its 
situation in a rich farming and fruit region, are causes for 
the growth of Lockport. This is a busy manufacturing 
city now connected with Buffalo by electric cars run by 
power supplied from Niagara (p. 51). 

Niagara County is also a wheat-raising county, and 
flour-making is extensively carried on in Lockport and 
neighboring places. The manufacture of pulp and paper 
has become important both in Niagara Falls and Lock- 
port, due to the water power and to the cheapness with 
which wood for the pulp is brought by way of the lakes 
and the Erie Canal. The plains near the lake are here, 
as elsewhere, the seat of an important fruit-raising 
industry. 

On Lake Erie are several large cities, two of them 
among the largest ten cities in the United States ; yet 
there is but one city on the New York side of Lake 
Ontario. On what river is this city, Oswego, situated ? 
What waters are drained by this river? On what canal 
is Oswego ? The reason for the scarcity of cities on Lake 
Ontario lies in the fact that Lake Erie forms a part of our 



84 



NEW YORK 



great navigable waterway, and Lake Ontario does not. 
With the building of the Erie Canal the Great Lakes had 
a connection with the sea, and Lake Ontario was cut off 
as an important commercial route for ships of the United 
States. In earlier years many boats came from Lake 
Ontario through tlie Oswego Canal into the Erie Canal, 
and tlius a prosperous town grew up at the junction of 
the canal and lake. Oswego was long noted for the 
manufacture of starch and matches, at one time being the 
leading city of the United States in the manufacture of 
the former article. A proposition has been made to con- 
nect Lakes Erie and Ontario by a ship canal, and to then 
build a ship caiial from Oswego to the Hudson. What 
effect would that have on Oswego ? On Buffalo ? 

In colonial days Fort Oswego was a point of military 
importance, for it was one of the forts whicli guarded the 
Mohawk valley. A fort and garrison and a custom 
house are now maintained there. Why are they located 
there rather than at Syracuse or Rome ? What is a cus- 
tom house ? 

Among the larger villages are Oneida, Fulton, Lyons, Ih'ock- 
port, Albion, Medina, and I^atavia. In what county is each 
located ? 

Batavia is a manufacturing town and railway centre. Near 
Albion and Medina are valuable quarries of building stone 
known as Medina sandstone. The red variety is much used' 
especially m brick buildings. All of these villages are eollect- 
mg centres for large quantities of fruit, grain, and beans, 
which are so bountifully produced on the Lake Ontario Plain. 
There are numerous canneries Iieic. 

Summary. — The deej) gliirial soil an<l the influence of 
Lake Ontario upon the climate make lliis a, region of rich 



THE FINGER LAKE REGION 85 

farm lands and splendid orchards. Outside of the few 
cities, it is rather an agricultural than a manufacturing 
section. The Ontario Plain is noted for the large quanti- 
ties of apples which it produces. Wheat and beans are 
other leading farm crops. The general levelness of the 
land aided greatly in building the Erie Canal and the 
railways which now traverse the plain. The cities are 
Rochester, Syracuse, Lockport, Niagara Falls, Oswego, 
and Watertown. 

Review Questions. — What counties border Lake Ontario ? Wliat 
rivers cross the Ontario Plain ? Where does each of them rise? At 
what points do they furnish water power? How is this region finely 
adapted to farming? To fruit growing? To (lanal and railway 
building? What are the leading farm products? Cive a review of 
the cities according to the topical outline (p. 107). Give a review 
of the Lake Ontario Plain according to the topical outline (p. ]()(>). 
Make a sketch map of New York, locating on it the canals and all 
the cities thus far studied. 

THE FINGER LAKE REGION 

Map Questions (Fig. 1). — Nauie the five larger lakes of central 
New York. Name the counties touched by these lakes. By what river 
are they drained? Locate Auburn, Ithaca, Canaudaigua, Geneva, 
Cortland, Penn Yan, AVaterloo, Seneca Falls, Watkius. In what 
direction is Ithaca from Rochester? Which is farther iiortli. Auburn 
or Albany? 

Physiography and Resources. — In central New York 
is a region celebrated for its scenic beauty. It lacks the 
I'ugged grandeur of tlie Adirondacks, but it has a softer 
beauty all its own. 

Before the glacier visited New York, in the valleys 
where now lie the Finger Lakes, streams flowed north- 
ward, but no lakes were there. The ice deepened these 
valleys in passing through them, and, as it melted, it left 



86 



NEW vonK 



deposits or dams of drift, behind which the water rose 
to the point of overflow. In this way the beautiful 
Finger Lakes were formed. 'J'hey are k)ng and narrow 

because they occupy 
former stream valleys. 
Many of the tributary 
streams flowing into 
these lakes tumble 
down the steep hillsides 
on either side of the 
valley and form the 
beautiful gorges and 
waterfalls for which the 
region is noted. Among 
the most celebriited of 
these are Watkins Glen 
(Fig. 12) and Havana 
Glen at the southern 
end of Seneca Lake. 
There are also dozens 
of beautiful falls and 
gorges around Cayuga 
Lake, among them being 
Taughannock Falls, the 
higlicst in the state 
(Fii^. ^3). 

Tlic lai-ger of the 
I^'inger Lakes are con- 
nected by canals and joined to tlie JM-ic (^anal, producing 
a nutans of inland navigation w hich was mucli used before 
railways were built in this region. This was of great 
importance, for even liic richest of soils, forests, and mines 




T;iiit;liaiino(>k Falls (1215 feet high), "» 'he 
western side of Cayuga Lake, a few 
miles north of Itliaca. 



THE FINGER LAKE REGION 



8? 



are of small value until their products have a convenient 
means of reaching markets. 

The sunny slopes of the vallej^s, influenced by the large 
bodies of water (p. 23), are well adapted to grape raising. 
In fact, the region around Keuka and Seneca lakes is one 
of the most important grape-raising sections of the state. 
Where are the 
others (pp. 77 
and 94)? Else- 
where there is 
varied agricul- 
ture, as in other 
sections of the 
state. 

In many places 
limestone and 
flagstone are 
quarried. Salt underlies the whole region (p. 11), 




Fig. r>4. 
A typical New York creamery. 



iind 



salt wells have been sunk at Watkins, Ithaca, and many 
other places (Fig. 9). It was in this region that in 1779 
General Sullivan conducted his famous and victorious 
campaign against the Iroquois Indians, who were helping 
the British against the Americans (Fig. 15). 

Cities and Towns. — At the southern end of Cayuga 
Lake is Ithaca, the seat of Cornell University, the largest 
of the New York schools of higher learning with the excep- 
tion of Columbia. The University takes its name from 
Ezra Cornell, its founder, who came to Ithaca a poor boy, 
but afterward became a wealthy man. Largely through his 
efforts and gifts the University is now one of the wealthi- 
est in the land. It is beautifully situated on a liillside 
overlooking the upper end of Lake Cayuga (Fig. 55). 



88 NEW YORK 

Auburn, near tlie foot of Owasco Lake, is an active 
manufacturing city. One of the state prisons is located 
at Auburn. Where is another (p. 45)? (iENEVA is a 
beautiful city at the foot of Seneca Lake. It has varied 
manufacturing industries and is the seat of extensive 
nurseries. What other city in New York is noted for its 
nurseries (p. 80)? Cortland in Cortland County is a 
railroad centre and manufacturiug city. 




Some of the buildings of Conitill University. Lake Cayuga is seen in the 
distanee. 



Penii Yan, at the foot of Iveuka Lake, is the centre of an 
important grape-raising area. Canandaigua, at the foot of 
C-anandaigua Lake, Waterloo, and Seneca Falls on Seneca 
River, are other large villages of this region. 

At Freeville, not far from Ithaca, is located an institution 
called the (Jeorge ,1 unior llcpublic, after its fouiulev, iVIr. George. 



THE FINGER LAKE REGION 



89 



About a hundred boys and givls live tliere, most of whom come 
from families in large cities where they enjoyed few advan- 
tages. They elect a president, judge, and other officers, make 
their laws, punish offenders, till their farm, help build their 
buildings, publish a paper, and conduct their affairs very much 
as citizens of a real republic do; yet their president, judge, 
and other officials are only from fifteen to seventeen years old. 
Mr. William George and a few others exercise the necessary 
supervision ; but self-government, to the fullest possible degree, 
prevails throughout the Republic. 



Salt Wells. — West of the Finger Lake Region are the 
counties of Livingston and W3'oming, which, together 
with the Finger Lake Region, form the great salt-produc- 
ing section of the United States (Fig. 9). The salt lies in 
a sheet, or bed 
forty to seventy 
feet thick and 
at a varying 
depth (p. 11). 
On the northern 
side the salt is 
reached at a 
depth of a few 
score feet, but 
the beds dip 
clowuward tow- 
ard the south 
so that the most 
southern wells 

strike salt at a depth of over two thousand feet. The 
greatest number of salt wells is in the vicinity of Warsaw 
and Silver Springs in Wyoming County (Fig. 9). 






The Worcester salt works at Silver Springs. Her 
the brine is evaporated, and the salt secured. 



90 NEW TOBK 

After a hole has been drilled to the bed of salt, water is 
pumi)ed into the well. This dissolves the salt and becomes 
strong brine, which is then pumped out and carried in pipes to 
large storage tanks open to the air. The sun and air aid in the 
evaporation of some of the water, but the larger part is evapo- 
rated by artificial heat in great iron pans holding hundreds of 
barrels. As the water is driven off in steam, the salt settles to 
the bottom of the pans and is scooped out and dried ; some of 
it is ground fine for table use, some left coarse for meat-packing 
purposes. Usually there are several wells in a group, some of 
which carry Avater to the salt, while through others the brine 
is pumped out. One salt company at Silver Springs (Fig. 56) 
consumes 125 tons of coal and produces 2000 barrels, or 
560,000 i)Ounds, of salt daily. Two quarts of brine yield about 
a pound of salt. 

Some of the salt in Livingston County is mined much as coal 
is mined in Pennsylvania. A hole twelve or fourteen feet 
square, called the shaft, is dug down into the earth to the salt 
bed. The salt is then mined, carried to the shaft in cars, and 
hoisted to the surface in great lumps, sometimes weighing 
many pounds. Some of this salt contains sufficient impurities 
to unfit it for ordinary use, and this is sent to the cattle 
ranches of the West. The large lumps are scattered here 
and there over the pasture lands for the cattle to lick. 

Summary. — The Finger Lake Region is famous for its 
beautiful scenery. Its lakes are due to the scouring action 
of the ice and to the drift dpi)osits which the glacier left 
across the river valleys. In the vicinity of these lakes are 
many beautiful waterfalls, due also to the glacier. Around 
Keuka and Seneca lakes large quantities of grapes are grown. 
Wyoming and Livingston counties form one of the greatest 
salt-producing sections of the United States. Auburn, Ithaca, 
Geneva, and Cortland are the cities. Review the Finger Lake 
Region according to the t()i)ical outline given on ])age 107. 



THE SOUTHERN PLATEAU 91 



THE SOUTHERN PLATEAU 



Map Questions (Fig. 1). — ^ Name the counties wliicli border on 
Pennsylvania. What hirge river systems have tlieir lieadwaters in or 
near Allegany County V Where do these rivers flow? What name is 
given to a highland from wliich rivers flow in different directions? 
Locate Olean, Hornellsville, Corning, Elmira, Binghamton. Which 
is farther south, Hornellsville or Ithaca? Binghamton or Pough- 
keepsie ? 

Physiography and Resources. — In the central and western 
part of the state the hind gradually rises from the Lake On- 




FiG. 57. 
A dairy farm and buildings in Delaware County. 

tario Plain to the Pennsylvania border. While the general 
level of the Ontario Plain is only about three hundred 
feet above the sea, many of the hills of the southern coun- 
ties rise to two thousand and twenty-five hundred feet. 
Between these hills are deep stream valleys bordered by 
steep, rugged liill slopes, frequently forest covered, and 
still the seat of a small knnbering industry. Among the 
products are hemlock and oak bark, used in tanning 
leather in the large tanneries at Clean and otlier towns. 



92 



NE]V YORK 



The people are chiefly engaged in farming, though in 
most cases a different kind of farming than that carried 
on in the more level lands which border Lake Ontario. 
The river valley farms of this region are fertile, and splen- 




t 



f, p ' 








Fig. 58. 

The butter and cheese factories of New York. The solid dot (•) shows cheese 
factories ; the open circle (o) , (-reanieries, and the +, a conil)iTiation of both. 

did crops are raised ; but much of the land is so liilly that 



will show that Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Allegany, and 
Steuben counties form one of the great dairy regions of 
the state. 



THE SOUTHERN PLATEAU 



93 



Where the land is fertile and comparatively level, the 
farmer finds it more profitable to till the soil and raise crops. 
But where the hills are steep, he finds it better to carry on 
dairy farming. In such cases a part of the farm is given up 
to grass land on which the farmer pastures a herd of milch 
cows in summer. On the more tillable land he raises hay and 
grain, keeping a portion to feed to his cattle during the winter, 
and selling the remainder. Potatoes are usually an important 
crop in a dairy region. The cows are milked at morning and 




A herd of fatted cattle in the barii-yard. 

night, and the milk taken to some cheese or butter factory 
(Fig. 54) or shipped to the city (Fig. 28). In a good season the 
dairy cow gives from twenty-five to forty dollars' worth of 
milk, about the value of the cow. 

The eastern portion of the plateau, including Chemung, 
Tioga, and Broome counties, is deeply dissected by several 
large rivers and their numerous tributaries. In (lie fer- 
tile farm lands of these valleys more land is tilled and less 
given to pasturage than in the more western counties. 



94 



NEW YOBK 



Farther east, in Delaware and Sullivan counties, there is 
much dairy farming ; but here, owing to the nearness of 
New York, the milk is sent to the city (Fig. 28) instead 
of being made into butter and cheese. 

In the warmer valleys some tobacco and much fruit are 
raised ; but the most noted fruit section in this region is that 




Fig. go. 
A dairy herd stalled in the barn. 

of northern Chautauqua County. Here is a narrow, 
gravelly plain bounded on the southern side by the plateau 
edge which forms a steep escarpment. The presence of a 
large body of water like Lake Erie tends to regulate climate, 
by preventing sudden changes either from one season to 
another or from night to day (p. 23). The high ridge, 
skirting the grape belt on the south, still further aids in 
preventing abrupt changes of temi)erature by conlining 
tlie lake inlluence to the narrow plains, much as the Alps 



THE SOUTHERN PLATEAU 



95 



check the escape of heat from the Mediterranean. Thus 
are produced the favorable conditions which make grape 
culture so successful in the Chautauqua belt. Riding 
through this section on the train one sees miles and miles 
of vineyards ; and in spring the air is laden with the per- 
fume of the flowers ; in the autumn with the rich fra- 
grance of the ripe grapes. In the latter season one will 
see long lines of cars on the side tracks into which bas- 
kets and trays of grapes are being loaded. 

The oil-bearing sands and rocks underlie a portion of 
Cattaraugus and Allegany counties, and in earlier years 
the wells were numerous and profitable. The field 
now seems to be nearly exhausted, though some oil and 
considerable gas 
are still pro- 
duced, and a 
part of the busi- 
ness of O LEAN is 
connected with 
oil production 
near by. 

Cities. — By 
the building of 
the Erie Rail- 
way through the 
southern tier of counties in the middle of the last century 
that region was opened earlier than the interior counties. 
Later, the building of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and 
Western, the Lehigh Valley, and other railways, by open- 
ing communication with New York, Buffalo, and other 
cities, led to still further development. Among the cities 
and manufacturing towns that have grown up along these 




Fig. 61. 

Many sheep are raised in New York, especially in the 

more liilly sections where there are tracts whose 

soil is not of the best quality. Name some of 

these sections. 



96 NEW YORK 

railway lines the largest is Binghamton, a natural railway 
centre. In a hilly region, railways are compelled to follow 
stream valleys. This is well illustrated south and east of 
the Finger Lakes, where nearly all the railroads are along 
the Susquehanna River and its tributaries. Thus the junc- 
tions of large tributaries with the main stream will natu- 
rally be the railway junctions. For example, Binghamton, 
at the meeting of the largest of the valleys, has become the 
chief railway centre of the region. Notice (Fig. 1) how 
the railways extend in all directions from this city. It is 
so near to Pennsylvania that coal is obtained cheaply, and 
Binghamton has extensive manufactures. It is also a very 
important centre for the manufacture of cigars, partly be- 
cause of the tobacco raised in the warm enclosed valleys 
of this part of the state. Norwich, Owego and Oneonta 
are large villages in the neighborhood. 

Elmiha, on another branch of the Susquehanna River, 
is in many ways similar to Binghamton. It lies in a rich 
valley and railways from different valleys converge there 
causing it to be a natural railway centre and an exten- 
sive manufacturing city. It is the seat of a state reforma- 
tory where more than a thousand boys and young men are 
confined. A reformatory differs from a prison in that 
only young persons are sent there and that the purpose is 
more to reform and improve than to punish them. 

Horn ELLS viLLE and Corning, in Steuben County, are 
cities which also owe their growth to their railway facili- 
ties. Both are growing manufacturing centres. Corning 
has extensive glass works where some of the finest cut 
glass is made. Olean has already been mentioned as 
being engaged in oil refining and leather tanning, because 
of the natural products of the surrounding country. 



THE SOUTHERN PLATEAU 



97 



Jamestown, still further west, has a variety of inaiiii- 
factures, notably worsted goods and furniture. In the 
manufacture of worsted goods it is one of the leading 
cities of New York. Dunkirk, on the Erie shore north 
of Jamestown, is one of the two cities of New York espe- 
cially noted for the manufacture of locomotives. What 
is the other city (p. 73) ? 

On the shore of Chautauqua Lake are the grounds and 
buildings of the Chautauqua Assembly, the seat of the well- 
known summer schools, and the centre of the Chautauqua 
educational movement. Find out more about this movement 
and the schools located there. 



Farm Life in Western New York. - — The widest difference exists 
between life in a great city (p. 38) and life on a farm. 

The farmer's family lives in a story-and-adialf or a two-story 
frame house (Fig. 62), with a cellar and perhaps a dozen rooms. 
There are a large 
yard, an orchard, 
a garden, and 
trees surrounding 
the house. 

Drinking water 
comes from a 
well, and washing 
water from a cis- 
tern. The cellar 
is stored in the 
fall with potatoes, 
apples, turnips, 
cabbages, and 
beets for the winter's use. The woodshed contains piles of 
wood, cut from the wood lot on the farm ; but often some 
coal is burned. The greater part of the food for the: faiinly 
comes from the farm : there is an abundance of udlk, cream, 




Fig. ()2. 
A farm home in New York. 



98 NEW YOBK 

butter, eggs, fruit, and vegetables. A barrel or more of pork, 
perhaps one of corned beef, and a few pails of lard are pnt up 
each winter. The farmer takes to the gristmill some of the 
grain which he raises and brings home flour, with perhaps 
some buckwheat flour, graham, and corn meal. From the 
" sugar-bush " he may make, each spring, several hundred 
pounds of maple sugar and many cans of maple syrup, some for 
sale, some for his own use. 

The farmer lives perhaps a quarter of a mile from the near- 
est neighbor, and two miles from the village store, post oflice, 
and church. The district school, which the children attend, 
may be a mile or two from the house ; and, quite in contrast 
to the large schoolhouses of the city, it is a one-story, one- 
roomed building, with a single teacher and fifteen or twenty 
pupils. Yet from these district schools have come some of the 
ablest men of the nation. Can you name some of them ? 

Neighbors are not strangers here, and an old resident not 
only knows every one for miles around, but he knows their 
horses, and often first recognizes an approaching neighbor by 
the horse which he is driving. When riding about the country 
he usually speaks to every one whom he meets, even though 
he may not know him. 

The farmer's family goes to bed early, perhaps soon after 
supper is eaten and the chores are done. They rise early, often 
before it is daylight; and the stock is fed, the cows milked, and 
the regular morning chores attended to before breakfast. 

Poverty is almost unknown, and open-hearted generosity and 
neighborliness are everywhere. The farmer loves his farm 
home, which he has worked hard to pay for, and he finds 
genuine pleasure in tilling his soil, harvesting his crops, and 
tending his stock. He is free from the worry and excitement 
of the business life of the city, and in most cases he would not 
exchange his quiet farm home for residence in the noisy city. 

Summary. — The Soutliern Plateau is a region of high 
liills and deep valleys. The valleys form excellent farm 
lauds. In the more rugged parts lumbering is still carried 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 99 

on. Much of the hilly land is given up to pasturage, and 
dairying is an important industry. In the western portion 
the milk is made into butter and cheese. In the eastern 
portion it is sent to the cities in milk trains. Chautauqua 
County is famed for its vineyards. 

Oil and gas were once produced in large quantities and 
are still obtained to some extent in the region about Olean. 
The cities are Binghamton, Elmira, Corning, Hornells- 
ville, Olean, Jamestown, and Dunkirk. 

Review the Southern Plateau and its cities according 
to the topical outlines given on pages 106, 107. 

SlTMMAKV AND CONCLURION 

New York has a larger area and population than several 
of the European nations, and, with the single exception 
of Brazil, more people than any South American country. 
There are but few nations in the world whose foreign trade 
equals that of 
New York City. 
The foremost 
rank of New 
York among the 
states of the 
Union is due 
chiefly to advan- 
tages of position 
and of topogra- 
phy and to the 
wisdom which 
has been shown in making use of these advantages. 

Moreover, the state has great natural resources in its 
forests, its soil, and its mineral deposits. Its soil is so 



Wheat 






Annual Value of the 


Corn 

$7,000,000 






Leading Farm Products 
of New York 


Potatoes 
§11,500,000 






1898 


Oats 
$15,000,000 








milk, butter and cheese 


$32,000,000 




Hay, $17,000,000 



Compart 



itli Fig. 64 to see the relative importance of 
farm and mineral products. 



LofC. 



1 Iron ore $351,000 
\ Sandstone $500,000 




\r'ortland cement 


S;97O,0OO 


\Petroleum $1,100,000 


\Limestone 


$1,500,000 


1 Eock ce 


ueut $2,000,000 


1 Salt 


$2,300,000 


Clau products 


$G,1U0,000 1 



100 NEW YOBK 

varied that almost eveiy crop of a cool temperate climate 
is raised within its borders (Fig. 63). It leads the states 
in the yearly value of its hay and potato crops, its milch 
cows, and its dairy and nursery products. More than half 
the cheese made in the United States comes from New 
York. 

The abundant water power has given a spur to manu- 
facturing ; and nearness to the Pennsylvania coal fields 

has added another 
advantage. The clay 
deposits for brickmak- 
ing, the limestone and 
cement, the building 
stone and flagstone, and 
the salt deposits yield 

Values of tlie Leading Mineral Pioducts •n- i- i i 

of New York, 1898. uiauy millions of dol- 

Fio (;4 l'''"^ annually (Fig. 

04). 

All the advantages of position, natural resources, cheap 
transportation, and energetic men have combined to make 
New York the greatest of manufacturing states. Fhilf of 
its manufacturing is done in New York City and Buffalo. 
Clothing, iron and steel products, books and newspapers, 
malt and distilled liquors, and l)oots and shoes are its 
manufactures of greatest money value. 

Very early the navigable rivers and lakes were con- 
nected by canals, forming a wonderful system of internal 
water ways and leading to a ra})i(l development of the 
whole state. Then came the era of railways, and these 
made farming more profitable and called forth new manu- 
factories ; wliile the increased production of farms and 
factories called for more railways and h'd to tlu; l)uildiiig 



GOVEBNMENT AND EDUCATION 101 

of new cities and towns. Thus the great state of New 
York has pushed forward ; and with its enormous vvealtli, 
commerce, and popuLation it is fitly called the Empire 
State. 

Government and Education 

Government. — New York shares with the other states all 
the advantages of union under a free, popular government. 
Name some of these advantages. Like the other states also 
it has its own government in affairs which concern the state 
alone. The state officers, elected by the voters for the purpose 
of making laws, are of two classes, se7}ators and assembh/meii, 
together forming the legislatttre. In what city does tlie legis- 
lature meet ? 

Laws are sometimes tlisobeyed or disputes arise, and such 
cases call for judges and courts. Some cases at law are of 
small importance, others are of very great importance. So 
there are different gi*ades of courts, from the justice's court in 
each village to the Court of Appeals, which sits at Albany and 
is the highest court in the state. The cities have their own 
police courts, and each county has its county court, presided 
over by the county judge. 

In addition to the lawmakers and the judges, there nuist be 
a great number of officers to attend to the public business and 
direct the affairs of the state. The highest of all these is the 
governor, elected for two years. What are some of his duties ? 
The lieutenant governor presides over the senate, and takes the 
governor's place if the latter dies or resigns. 

The business of the state is divided into many departments, 
each in charge of separate officials. Such are the treasury 
department, the department of prisons, of railways, of public 
instruction, and many others. 

While state officers have authority throughout the entire 
state, they attend to only those matters which concern the 
people of the state as a whole. County matters are in charge 
of county officers. Name some of these officers and their 



102 NEW YORK 

duties. City affairs are largely attended to by city officers, 
the mayor, the board of aldermen, and others. The counties 
are divided into townships, each with its own supervisor, town 
clerk, tax assessors, etc. The state is thus cut up into many 
small divisions, and by this means the people are given direct 
control of those matters which most closely affect them. But 
over all divisions the state government exercises such control 
as is necessary to preserve harmony and secure the welfare of 
the people, just as the Federal government maintains general 
control over the states. 

Suggestions. — Who is the present governor of New York State? 
Who is the lieutenant governor? Who is your assemblyman? Who 
is your state senator? When were they elected? To what party do 
they belong? Judges of the courts hold office longer than any other 
class of officials. Give a reason for this. If you live in a city, name 
some of the officers of your city and their duties. Who is your mayor? 
If you do not live in a city, name some county officers and their duties. 
Who is your county judge? Sheriff? Mention some of the officers of 
a city wliich a small village would not need. Give your reason in 
each case why the office is not needed. Give a reason for the fact 
that there are two branches to the state legislature ? Who signs all 
bills passed by the legislature before they become laws? What does 
it mean to " veto " a bill ? Do you know of other state officers besides 
those already mentioned ? How is the money raised to pay the salaries 
of all these officers ? 

Education. — Little was done for public schools by either the 
Dutch or the English while New York was a colony. Since 
New York became a state there have been three important 
steps in the growth of her school system : 

(1) The schools were made public ; any family might send 
children to school, but each family must pay for the school- 
ing of its own children. (2) The schools were made free 
(18G7) ; no payment is now required of those who attend the 
public schools where they live. (3) All children of school 
age are, by a recent law, rc/uired to attend school. Thus 
the steps taken have been (1) i)ul)lic schools, (2) free public 
schools, (3) compulsory attendance at school. Tell why 



ItEVIEn' QUESTIONS l03 

the schools should be free and why all children should be re- 
(^uired to attend them. 

The state is divided into several thousand school districts 
in each of which there is a public school. Sometimes two or 
more districts unite and have a " union school." Large vil- 
lages and cities of course have more than one school. How 
many has your village or city ? 

Each district, village, and city has school officers who have 
general charge of its schools. Name some of these officers. 
What are some of their duties ? If you live in a large town 
or city, tell some of the duties of the superintendent of schools. 
If not, name some of the duties of the school commissioner. 

At Albany there are two bodies of school officials which have 
oversight of all the schools of the state ; they are the officials 
of the Regents' Office and of the Department of Public Instruc- 
tion. Tell something about each of these classes of officials. 

There are several colleges and professional schools in the 
state, some of which you have already learned about. Besides 
these there is a Normal College at Albany, and eleven Normal 
Schools where young men and women are trained for teachers. 
The normal schools are at Buffalo, Brockport, Cortland, Fre- 
donia, Geneseo, Jamaica, New I'altz, Oneonta, Oswego, Platts- 
burg, and Potsdam. 

Questions. — What colleges or normal schools have some of your 
friends or teachers attended? Wliat college or normal school is nearest 
your home ? Do you know what is meant by the " Public Money " ? Do 
persons who send no children to school pay school taxes ? Why is this ? 

REVIEW QUESTIONS 

Physiography AND Natural Resources. — (1) Where are the 
mountain regions of New York (p. 1)? (2) Where is the plateau 
region (p. 10)? (:5) Where is the principal plain (p. 10)? (4) In 
what ways do the Adirondacks differ from the Catskills (j). 8)? 
(5) What are the natural boundaries of New Yoik (Fig. 1)? ((i) De- 
scribe its principal rivers (pp. 12-14). (7) AVhich ones furnish im- 
portant water power (pp. 51, 63, 65, 70, 78, 83) ? Where ? (8) Name 
the large central lakes (Fig. 1). By what river are they drained 
(Fig. 1)? (9) Name the highest point in the Adirondacks (p. 1). 



104 NEW YORK 

(10) Wliat minerals do these mountains yield (Fig. 9)? (11) How is 
lumbering carried on (p. '2)V (12) Why is there so little farming in 
the Adirondack region (p. 1)? (lo) What and where are the Palisades 
(p. 6)? (14) What are some of the effects of the sinking of the land 
in southeastern New York (p. 14)? (15) Describe the surface of 
Long Island (p. 7). (16) Are the Catskills real mountains (p. 8)? 
Why? (17) Describe the plateau region of western and central New 
York (p. 9). (18) Describe the Ontario Plain (p. 9). (19) Why is 
this so well suited to farming (p. 11)? What are the leading indus- 
tries of the plateau region (pp. 10, 11)? ("JO) Describe the effects of 
the glacier in New York (p. 15). ("21) What are moraines (pp.7, 15)? 
What is till (p. 10)? (22) How were the lakes of New York formed 
(p. 18)? (2;>) Account for the shape of the Finger Lakes (p. 80). 

(24) Where are the three principal divides in New York (p. 13)? 

(25) Show how the physiography of New Yoik has favored the build- 
ing of canals and railways. (26) What are the leading mineral 
products of New York (Fig. 64)? (27) Where are the most impor- 
tant of these minerals respectively found (Fig. 9)? (28) 'Where are 
the best farming regions of New York (p. 11)? (29) In what agricul- 
tural products does New York stand first among the states (p. 100)? 

DisTuiBUTioN OF INDUSTRIES. — (ilO) Najue the leading industries 
of the Adirondack region (pp. 1, 4) ; (81) of the Catskill region (p. 8) ; 
(:52) of the Ontario Plain (pp. 77, 78) ; (:]:}) of the southern plateau 
(pp. 91-93); (34) of tlie Hudson valley (pp. 55, 02); (35) of the 
Mohawk valley (p. 72) ; (30) of Long Island (p. 8) ; (37) of north- 
eastern New York, between the St. Lawrence River and the mountains 
(pp. 68, 09). (38) Locate, and where possible give the reasons for, the 
region or regions noted for (n) brickmaking (p. 12) ; (/>) quarrying of 
flagstone (p."l2) ; (r) salt (p. 12) ; {<!) oil and gas (j). 12) ; {e) valuable 
building stone (pp. 09 and 84); (/') slate (p. 12); (</) pulp and paper 
(p. 02); (/() laundered goods (p. 02); (/) knit goods (p. 02); (/) but- 
ter and cheese (p. 92) ; (A-) lumbering (pp. 1, 8, 11) ; (/) leather tanning 
(p. 91); (m) ice gathering (p. 50); («) milk bottling (pp. 50, 94); 
(o) nurseries (pp. 80, 88); (p) broom corn (p. 72); {q) grape growing 
(]ip. 88, 94) ; (r) fineorchanls (p. 77). (39) On an outline map of New 
Yoi'k write in the different parts of the state the names of the leading 
industries in those parts. 

Canals, Railways, f.tc. — (40) Show how canal and lailway 
building are influenced by physical features. (41) Tell all you can 
about the Erie Canal and show its great importance in the develop- 



RE VIEW QUESriONS 105 

ment of New York (p. 57). (42) Show how the topography of New 
York made the canal possible (pp. 20, 54). (t:5) What other canals 
are still kept up in New York (Fig. 1)? (44) Why are canals less 
used now than formerly ? (45) AVhat kinds of freight are canal boats 
especially adapted to carrying? (40) When did railway building begin 
in New York (p. 73)? (47) What were the first railways built (pp. 73, 
95)? Where? (48) Name three railways in New York connecting 
Buffalo and New York City (Fig. 1). (49) What railway runs (a) near 
the shore of I^ake Ontario? (b) Of Lake Champlain? (c) Along 
the Mohawk River? (d) Along the Hudson River? (50) What 
railway enters New York City (p. 44)? (51) Where is the chief 
railway terminus for New York City (p. 44) ? (52) By what 
railway or railways could you go from Buffalo («) to Syracuse? 
(b) to Elmira? \c) to Watertown? (d) to Geneva? (e) to 
Poughkeepsie? (f) to Utica? (53) By what route or routes could 
you go from (a) Binghamton to Albany? (h) Hornellsville to 
New York? (54) How could you go from your home to each of 
these cities? (55) Show how railways make farming more profitable. 
(56) Explain how manufacturing is more successfully carried on at 
railway centres. (57) Why are stone quarries of small value if situ- 
ated far from a railway or navigable water? (.58) On an outline 
map of New York show by dots the location of the cities, then draw 
lines for the Erie, Black River, and Champlain canals, and for the 
more important railways. 

Counties, Cities, etc. — (59) How many counties has New York 
(pp. 110, 111)? How many cities (p. 109) ? (60) Name the counties 
(a) on the southern boundary of New York ; (/>) on the eastern 
boundary; (c) on the western boundary; (d) on the east bank of 
the Hudson; (e) on the west bank of the Hudson, ((il) Through 
what counties does the main line of the New York Central Railway 
pass? (62) Through what counties does the Erie Railway pass? 
(63) Which of New York's counties is (n) the largest (p. 108) ? (/>) 
the smallest? (c) the most densely populated (p. 108)? (d) the 
most thinly populated? (64) What cities are on the Hudson River? 
(65) Which are on the Mohawk River? (66) Which are on the 
New York Central Railway? (67) Which are on the Erie Railway? 

(68) Answer each of the following questions for each of the following 
cities: New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Albany, Troy, Utica, 
Binghamton, Cohoes, Watertown : (a) In what county? (/>) on what 
water? (c) causes of its location and growth? (d) for what noted? 

(69) Name some of the cities where important historical events 



10(j NEW YORK 

liave occurred (Fig. 1.')). (70) Xaiue cities which are Important 
railway centres (Fig. 1). (71) Name in order of size the largest 
ten cities of New York (p. 109). (72) How many counties are 
included in New York City (Fig. 18) ? (73) What cities are especially 
indebted to water power (question 7) ? (74) How many cities are on 
the Erie Canal and Hudson River? (75) Why are the largest 
manufacturing plants not located in the large cities? (7(J) Why 
are there not more cities on Lake Ontario (p. 84)? (77) Why are 
there more cities in the Hudson and Mohawk valleys than elsewhere 
in New York? (78) Name and locate the city or cities noted for 
{(i) nurseries (pp. 80, 88); (ft) tlie manufacture of locomotives 
(pp. 78, 97); ((■) of carpets (pp. 40, 73); (d) of cotton and woollen 
goods (p. 7.")); (/') of hosiery (p. 03); (/) of gloves and mittens 
(p. 73); (//) of laundered goods (Fig. 39); (h) of worsted goods 
(p. 97); (i) of paper and pulp (p. 70); (/) of cut glass (p. 90); 
(^■) of cigars (p. 96) ; (/) of clothing (pp. 34, 80) ; (??).) of shoes 
(p. 80) ; («) of photographic and optical goods (p. 80). (79) Name 
two cities which are important lumber markets (pp. 52, 59) ; 
(80) Make a nuap of your home county, locating the principal towns, 
streams, railways, etc. (81) Bound your home county. (82) Bound 
your township. (83) What is the average number of persons per 
square mile in your county? (Compute from table on pages 110, 
111.) Compare this with neighboring counties. 



Topical Review adapted for a General Review 
OF Sections of the State 

(E.cj. The Moliawk Valley) 

(1) Its Physical Features. — (a) JMountainous; hilly; level, 
plateau. (/>) Rivers; lakes; natural boundaries; etc. (<■) Water power. 

(2) Its Natural Resources. — (a) Agricultural. {/>) Forest, 
(c) Mineral. 

(3) CiiiEK Lines of Industry. — (a) Farming; fruit growing; 
dairying; canning, (h) Lumbering ami allied industries, (r) Min- 
ing; quarrying; salt; oil; brick; cement, (d) Most important manu- 
factures. 

(4) How aim: the Industries iNFi.UKNtED ky the Physical 
Features and XArruAL Resources ok the Uegion? 

(5) Transi'()1!1ait(»n Facilities. — (<i) How far are they affected 
by physical features? (Ii) What has been their effect upon industries? 



REFERENCE BOOKS 107 

(6) Cities and Chief Towns. — (o) Location of each, (h) Special 
reasons for its location. 

(7) Other Facts of Interest {e.g. historical associations, 
beautiful scenery, «tc.). 

Outline for Topical Review of Cities 

(1) Location. — Part of state ; in what county ; on what water? 

(2) Special Reasons for Location and Growth (e.g. water 
power; at junction of natural trade routes; favorable point on navi- 
gable water, etc.) 

(3) Leading Lines of Industry. — (a) Chief manufactures? 
(b) In what kind of trade especially engaged? (c) Is shipping 
important ? why ? 

(4) How does its Location favor these Industries? 

(5) Other Facts of Interest, (e.g. historical associations, 
buildings, institutions, etc. In what does the city excel?) 



A Few Reference Books, of Espe(]ial Value in 
THE Study of New York State 

Tarr, "The Physical Geography of New York"; The Macmillan 

Co., N.Y. 
Hendrick, " A Brief History of the Empire State " ; C. W. Bardeen, 

Syracuse. ($.75.) 
Prentice, "History of New York State"; C. W. Bardeen, Syracuse. 

($1.50.) 
Todd, "A Brief History of the City of New York"; American Book 

Co., N.Y. (-1.75.) 
Levering, " Stories of New York " ; Educational Pub. Co., Boston. 

(.1.40.) 
Roberts, " New York " ; 2 vol., Houghton, Mifflin & Co., N.Y. («2..50.) 
Bardeen, "A Brief Geography of the Empire State"; C. W. Bardeen, 

Syracuse. ($.75.) 
Irving, "Knickerbocker History of New York"; G. P. Putnam's Sons, 

N.Y. ($.75.) 
Young, " Civil Government of New York " ; American Book Co., N.Y. 

($.90.) 

IMuch use can be made of illustrated magazine articles. 



108 



IfEW YORK 



Oenesee Co. 
484.,.n.i. 




St. Lawrence Co. 
2,810 sq.vii. 






Albany Co. 
52Ssq.mi. 


g. 


Rockland 

Co. 
180,,. mi. 


Quttns Co. 
129 sq.mi. 



Showing the comparative 
areas of some of the 
counties of New Vorl£. 



JlMlwater 


h- «..™ 


162,608 


.,.«,. s..,,„ 


1 r™j, 60,651 
iKico 66,383 
|ron*er3 47.931 

\mngl.am,anSifi» 

^Elmira 35,672 
~~\ Schenectady 31,682 


Buffalo 




35'.: ,387 


" '454,019° '■ 



Showing comparative sizes 
of the cities of New York. 
The large square represents 
Greater New York, 3,137,202. 



KJ. Hawaiian \(i.i*9 
l^ Wands I";."-. 

Texas 262,250 s-z.mi. 


New England 
61,938 sfi.mi. 

Maine h"','™ 

29,895 |.J':';T: 




New York 
47,620 
sq.mi. 



Showing comparative sizes 

of some of the divisions 

of the United States. 



Fig. (io. 
Illustrating some facts about the area and population of New York. 



Hudson Valley Counties Northern N.Y. 
not including New York Counties 



Hamilton Co. 



Now York Co. 
(32,550 to sq. mi.) 



'iG. m 



The density of population of portions of New York State showing average 
number of people to a square mile. 



TABLES OF POPULATION, AREA, ETC. 



Census 
Years 


Popula- 
tion 


Increase, 
Number 






248,931 
369,998 


1810 


<).")<» 049 


1820 

1S30 

1840 


....1,372,111 
....1,918,608 
.... 2,428,921 


413,062 
546,497 
510,313 



)nK STATE; 


1790 TO 1900 




Census 
Years 


Popula- 
tion 


I iierease, 
Number 


Per 

Cent. 


1850 

1860 

1870 

ISSO 


. . 3,097,394 

. . 3,880,735 
. . 4,382,759 

. . 5.082,871 


668,473 
78:?,341 
502,024 
700,112 
914,982 
1,270,159 


27.5 
25^3 
12.9 
16.0 


1900 


..7,268,012 


21,2 



STATISTIC.'^ 



109 



POPULATION OF LARGEST TEN CITIES OF NEW YOUK ; ls50 TO 1000 

Cities 1900 1890 18S0 1S70 ISW) IS50 

New York .3,437,202 1,515,801 1,200,299 942,292 8I3,6()9 515,547 

Buffalo ;352,8s7 255,(>(j4 155,134 117,714 81,129 42,201 

Rochester 102,008 188,s!)0 89,800 02,3s6 48,204 80,408 

Syracuse 108,874 88,14^3 51,792 43,051 28,119 22,271 

Albany 94,151 94,928 90,758 09,422 02,307 50,7(i3 

Troy 00,051 0(»,950 50,747 40,405 39,285 28,785 

Utica 50,883 44,007 88,914 2S.804 22.529 17,565 

Yonkers 47,981 32,088 In>92 12,788 ll,s4s 4,100 

Binghamton 89,047 85,005 17.817 12.(;'.I2 n.8-.'5 0,000 

Elmira 85,072 80,898 20,541 15,s08 8,0S2 8,100 



CITIES OF NEW YORK ; CENSUS OF 1900 



Population 

Albany 94,151 

Amsterdam 20,929 

Auburn 30,345 

Binghamton 39,647 

Buffalo 352,387 

Cohoes 23,910 

Corning 1 1,001 

Cortland 9,014 

Dunkirk 11,616 

Elmira 35,672 



Geneva. 

Gloversv 
Ilc.rnoll> 
llu.l.son. 
Ithaca. . 



.10,4.33 

.18,349 



Jamestown 22,892 

Johnstown 10,130 

Kingston 24,5.35 

Little Falls 10,881 

Lockport 16,581 



Middletown 14,522 

Mt. Vernon 20,84f> 

Newburgh 24,94;i 

New Rochelle 14,720 



Population 
New Y'ork City 3,437,202 

Manhattan Borough 1,850,093 

Bron.\ Borough 200,507 

Brooklyn Borou^'h 1,166,582 

Richmond Borough 67,021 

Queens Borough 152,999 

Niagara Falls 19,457 

North Tonawanda 9,069 

Ogdensburg 12,633 

Olean 9,462 

Oswego 22, 199 

Poughkeej.sie 24,029 

Rensselaer 7,460 

Rochester 102,008 

Rome 15,343 

Schenectady 31,682 

Syracuse 108,374 

Troy 60,651 

Utica 56,383 

Watertown 21.696 

Watervliet 14,821 

Yonkers 47,931 



VILLAGES OF .3000 OR MORE PEOPLE; CENSUS OF 1900 



Population 

Albion 4,477 

Ballston Spa 8.!i_>8 

Batavia 9.l^ii 

Bath 4,'.t!M 

Brockport 8,:'.',is 

Canandaigua 6,151 

Canastota 3,0.30 

Catskill 5,484 

Dansville 3,6.33 

Depew. 3,379 





Population 










Hoosick F.alls 


5,555 

5 671 








.3 7.50 


Lansingburg 

Leroy 


12..595 

3,144 



110 



J^EW YORK 



Population 

Fishkill Landing 3,673 

Fort Edward 3,521 

Fredonia 4,127 

Fulton 5,281 

Glens Falls 12,613 

Mechanicsville 4,695 

Medina 4,71 6 

Newark 4,578 

North Tarrytown 4,241 

Norwich 5,766 

Nyack 4,275 

Oneida 6,364 

Oneonta 7,147 

Ossining (Sing Sing) 7,939 

Owego 5,039 

Peekskill 10,358 

Penn Yan 4,650 

Plattsburg 8,434 

Port Chester 7,440 

Port Jervis 9,385 

Potsdam 3,84;^ 

Salamanca 4,251 



Population 

Sandy Hill 4,473 

Lestershire 3,111 

Lyons 4,300 

Malone 5,935 

Mamaroneck 4,722 

Matteawan 5,807 

Saratoga Springs 12,409 

Saugerties 3,697 

Seneca Falls 6,519 

Solvay 3,493 

Tarrytown 4,770 

Tonawanda 7,421 

Walden 3,147 

Wappingers Falls 3,504 

Warsaw 3,048 

Waterford 3.146 

Waterloo 4,256 

Waverly 4,465 

Wellsville 3,556 

Whitehall 4,377 

White Plains 7,899 



THE COUNTIES OF NEW YORK 



County Organized Area Sq. Mi. 

Albany 1683 528 

Allegany 1806 1018 

Broome 1806 696 

Cattaraugus 1808 1330 

Cayuga 1799 722 

Chautauqua 1808 1062 

Chemung ia36 894 

Chenango 1798 847 

Clinton 1788 1041 

Columbia 1786 647 

Cortland 1808 486 

Delaware 1797 1531 

Dutchess 1683 800 

Erie 1821 1040 

Essex 1799 1834 

Franklin 1808 1717 

Fulton 1838 486 

Genesee 1802 484 

Greene ISOO 644 

Hamilton 1816 1747 

Herkimer 1791 1426 

Jeflferson 1805 1252 

Kings 1683 77 

Lewis 1805 1265 

Livingston 1821 635 

Madison 1806 649 

Monroe 1821 C43 



Population 
1900 


County Seat 


165,571 
41,501 
69,149 
65,643 
66,234 


Albany 
Belmont 
Binghamton 
Little Valley 
Auburn 


88,314 

36',568 
47,430 
43,211 


Mayville 

Elmira 

Norwich 

Plattsburg 

Hudson 


27,576 
46,413 
81,670 
4;«,686 
30,707 


Cortland 

Delhi 

Poughkeepsie 

Buffalo 

Elizabethtown 


42,853 
42,842 
34,561 
31,478 
4,947 


Malone 
Johnstown 
Batavia 
Catskill 
Lake Pleasant 


51,049 

7(),74S 

1,166,.5S2 

27,427 

37,059 


Herkimer 

Watertown 

Brooklyn 

Lowville 

Geneseo 


40.545 

217,854 


Morrisville 
Rochester 



sTArisrics 



111 



County Organized Area Sq. Mi 

Montgomery 1^2 399 

Nassau 1»99 2o2 

New York 1683 63 

Niagara 1808 522 

Sneida 1^98 1180 

Onondaga 1194 794 

Ontario 1189 b52 

Orange 1683 849 

Orleans 1824 396 

Oswego 1816 974 

Otsego 179t 9.8 

Putnam 1812 239 

Queens 1683 129 

Rensselaer 1791 6^ 

Richmond 1683 57 

Rockland 1798 180 

St. Lawrence 1802 2810 

Saratoga 1791 830 

Schenectady 1809 210 

Schoharie 1'95 648 

Schuyler 1854 339 

Seneca , 1804 6l» 

Steuben 1196 1401 

Suffolk 1683 918 

Sullivan 1809 967 

Tioga 1191 58 

Tompkins ^>>J_l *'1 

Ulster 1683 n^o 

Warren 1813 895 

Washington "12 197 

■yfavne 1823 6^4 

Westchester 1683 450 

Wyoming 1841 «03 

Yates 1823 348 

Total (61 counties) 47,620 



47,488 

55,448 

2,050,600 

74,961 
132,800 
168,735 

49,605 
103,859 

80,164 

70,881 
48,939 
13,787 
152,999 



89,083 

46,852 
26,854 
15,811 
28,114 

82,822 



32,806 
27,951 
33,830 



45,624 
48,660 
183,375 
30,413 



7,268,012 



County Seat 

Fonda 
Mineola 
New York 

Lockport 

Utica 

Syracuse 

Canandaigua 

Goshen 

Albion 

Oswego 

Cooperstown 

Carmel 

Jamaica 

Troy 

Richmond 
New City 
Canton 
Ballston Spa 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Watkins 

Ovid. Waterloo 

Bath. 

Riverhead 

Monticello 
Owego 

Kingston 

Caldwell 
Argyle 
Lyons 

White Plains 
Warsaw 

Penn Yan 



INDEX 



lumbers refer to pages 



Adirondack Mountains, 1. 

Forest reserve in, 3. 

Forests of, 3, Fig. 3. 

Lakes of, 3, Fig. 4. 

Lumbering in, 1. 
Agricultural products, Fig. C3. 
Agriculture, 11, 77. 
Albany, 58, Fig. 61. 

State Capitol at, Figs. 3G, 37. 
Allegheny lliver, 14. 
Allen, Ethan, 28. 
Amsterdam, 73. 

Area of N.Y. State, 111, Fig. 65. 
Area of counties, 110, Fig. 65. 
Auburn, 88. 
A usable Lakes, 3, Fig. 4. 

Batavia, 84. 
Binghamton, 96. 
Black River, 70. 
Black Kiver Canal, 75. 
Boulder Clay, 16. 
Broadway, New York, 37. 

A scene in, Fig. 22. 
Bronx, borough of, 34, Fig. 18. 
Brooklyn, 34, 38, 41. 
Brooklyn Bridge, 42, Figs. 20, 21. 
Broom corn, 72. 
Buffalo, 29, 47, Fig. 29. 

Grain elevators at, Fig. 31. 

EUicott Square Building in, 50. 
Burgoyne, General, 64. 
Butter factories. Fig. 58. 

Canning industry, 72, 75, Figs. 45, 4fi. 
Catskill Mountains, 8, 
Cayuga Lake, 87. 
Central Park, 41. 
Champlain, Lake, 25, 28, 63. 
Battle of, 29. 



Champlain, Samuel de, 25. 
Charlotte, 81. 
Chautauqua grape belt, 94. 
Cheese factories. Fig. 58. 
Cities of New York, 109. 

Comparative sizes of. Fig. 65. 

Largest ten, 109. 
Clermont, the, 57. 
Climate of New York, 22. 
Clinton, DeWitt, 20, 57. 
Cohoes, 63. 

Columbia University, Fig. 26. 
Cooper, James Fenimore, 76. 
Cooperstown, 76. 
Cornell University, 4, 87, Fig. 55. 
Corning, 96. 
Cortland, 88. 

Counties of New York, 110, Fig. 65. 
Crown Point, 4. 

Dairying, 46, 68, 72, 92, 93, Figs. 59, 60. 
Delaware River, 14. 
Drainage of New York, 12. 
Drumlins, 16, Fig. 11. 
Dunkirk, 97. 

Eastern Mountains, 5. 

Minerals of, 7, Fig. 9. 
Education in New York, 102. 
Elmira, 96. 

Erie Canal, 20, 29, 57, Fig. 14. 
Erie plain, 10. 
Erie Railroad, 30. 

Fifth Avenue, Now York, 37, 38. 
Finger Lake Region, 85. 
Finger Lakes, 13, 86. 
Five N.ations, 27, Fig. 16. 
Flagstone, 7, .V), Fig. 9. 
Fort Orange, 27, 58.' 

113 



114 



INDEX 



French and Indian War, 27. 
Fruit raising, 10, 77. 
Fulton, Kobert, 57. 

Gas, 11, Fig. 9. 
Genesee River, 78. 

Falls of. Fig. 49. 
Genesee Valley Canal, 79. 
Geneva, 88. 
George, Lake, 63. 
George Junior Republic, 88. 
Glacier, effects of the, 15, 77. 
Glens Falls, 66, Fig. 41. 
Glove and mitten manufacture, 73. 
Gloversville, 73. 
Gouverneur, 69. 
Government of New York, 101. 
Grant, General, 42, 66. 
Grape raising, 87, 94. 
Graphite, 5, 70, Fig. 9. 

Half Moon, 25. 

Highlands, 6. 

History of New York, 25, Fig. 15. 

Hoboken, N.J., 44. 

Hoosick Falls, 63. 

Hornellsville, 96. 

Hudson (city), 63. 

Hudson, Henry, 26. 

Hudson River, 14, 54. 

Hudson Valley, 54. 

Clay industries of, 55. 

Mineral products of, 56. 

Upper, 63. 
Hudson and Cham plain Canal, 58. 
Hudson and Mohawk R.R., 73, Fig. 17. 

Indian tribes of New York, Fig. 16. 

Iron, 4, 7, Fig. 9. 

Iroquois Indians, 87, Fig. 16. 

Irving, Washington, 46. 

Ithaca, 87. 

Jamestown, 97. 
Jersey City, N.J., 44. 
Johnstown, 73. 

Kingston, 56. 

Knit goods, manufacturing of, 72, Fig. S 

Lake Erie, battle of, 29. 
Lansingburg, 63. 
Laundered goods, Fig. 39. 
Life in a large city, 38. 
Life on a farm, 97, Fig. 62. 



Limestone, 6, IL 

Little Falls, 19, 72, 74. 

Lock port, 83. 

Long Island, 7, 15, 46. 

Lumbering, 1, 11, Figs. 42, 43. 

Macdonough, Commodore, 29. 

McGregor, Mount, 66. 

Malone, 69. 

Manhattan, borough of, 34, Fig. 18. 

Manhattan Island, 14, 27. 

Manufactures, leading, 100. 

.Maple sugar. Fig. 44. 

Marble, 69, Fig. 9. 

Marcy, Mount, 1. 

Mechanicsville, 63. 

Medina, 84. 

Middletown, 45. 

Milk-bottling, Fig. 28. 

Mineral products of N.Y., Figs. 9, 64. 

Mohawk River, 19. 

Mohawk Valley, 56, 71. 

.\Iohonk, Lake, Fig. 7. 

Moraine, termin.al, 7, 15. 

Mount Vernon, 45. 

New Amsterdam, 27. 

Newburgh, 46. 

New Rochelle, 45. 

New York Bay, 32, Figs. 18, 19. 

New York City, 29, 31, Fig. 18. 

Area of, 84. 

Business sections of, 36. 

Divisions of, 33. 

" East Side " of, 38, Fig. 24. 

Elevated R.R. in. Fig. 25. 

Environs of, 44, Fig. IS. 

Foreigners in, 42. 

Manufecturing and commerce of, 34. 

Piers and docks of, 35, Fig. 21. 

Population of, 34. 

Residence sections of, 38. 
New York Central R.R., 30, 44, 55. 

First train on. Fig. 17. 
New York, northern, 67. 
Niagara Falls, 10, 18, Figs. 13, 33, -34. 
Niagara Falls, city of, 49, 51. 
Normal Schools, 103. 
North Tonawanda, 52. 
Nurseries, 80, 88. 

Ogdensburg, 29, 70. 
Oil, 11, 95, Fig. 9. 
Olean, 91, 96. 
Ontario Plain, 10, 76. 



INDEX 



115 



Oriskany, battle of, 75. 
Ossining, 45. 
Oswego, 27, 29, 83. 
Oswego Canal, SI. 
Oswego Eiver, 78. 

Palisades, 6, Fig. 6. 

Paper and pulp manufacturing, 65, Fig. ': 

Patroons, 27. 

Penn Yan, 88. 

Perry, Commodore, 29. 

Plains of New York, 9, Fig. 8. 

Plateaus of New York, 9, 11, Fig. 8. 

Plattsburg, 70. 

Population, density of, Fig. 06. 

Population of cities, 109. 

Population of counties, 110. 

Population of State, 108. 

Population of villages, 109. 

Port Henry, 4. 

Potsdam, 69. 

Poughkeepsie, 56, Fig. 35. 

Provinces of N.Y., map of. Fig. 5. 

Queens, borough of, 34, Fig. 18. 

R.a!lroads, 30, Fig. 1. 
Rainfall, 22. 
Reference books, 107. 
Rensselaer, 60. 
Revolutionary War, 28. 
Richmond, borough of, 34, Fig. 18. 
Rochester, 78, Fig. 51. 

Nurseries at. Fig. 50. 
Rome, 74. 

Sacket Harbor, 29. 
St.'Lawrenee River, 13. 
Salt, 11, 81, 89, Figs. 9, 56. 
Salt mining, 90. 
Sandstone, 5, 11, 69, 84. 
Saratoga, battle of, 29, 64. 

Monument commemorating. Fig. 40. 
Saratoga Springs, 65. 



Schenectady, 72. 
Schuyler, Fort, 74. 
Scbuylerville, 64. 
Seneca Lake, 86. 
Sinking of the land, 14, 32. 
Slate, 66, Fig. 9. 
Solvay, 82. 
Southern plateau, 91. 
Stanwix, Fort, 74. 
Staten Island, 14, Fig. 18. 
Stony Point, 28. 
Sullivan, General, 87. 
Sunnyside, 46. 
Susquehanna River, 14, 96. 
Syracuse, 81, Fig. 51. 

Talc, 5, 69, Fig. 9. 
Taughannock Falls, Fig. 53. 
Thousand Islands, 13, Fig. 10. 
Ticonderoga, Fort, 28. 
Till, 16. 

Tonawanda, 51. 
Topical review oiillirics, 106. 
Troy, 60, Fig. 38. 

Union College, 73. 
Utica, 72, 74. 

Cotton miinufacture at. Figs. 47, 48. 

Vassar College, 56. 

Wall Street, New Y^ork, 37. 

Warsaw, 89. 

Warof 1812, 29. 

Washington, George, 29. 

Waterford, 63. 

Watervliet, 62. 

Watertown, 70. 

Watkins Glen, Fig. 12. 

Wayne " Mad Anthony," 28, 45. 

West Albany, 60. 

West Point, 46. 

Yonkera, 45, 46. 



UG 26 1901 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0014 112 7548 ^ 



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